The visual flight rule ( VFR ) is a set of rules in which pilots operate aircraft in generally fairly clear weather conditions to allow the pilot to see where the plane is going. In particular, the weather should be better than basic VFR base weather, ie in visual meteorological conditions (VMC), as defined in the relevant flight authority rules. The pilot should be able to operate the aircraft with a visual reference to the ground, and by avoiding obstructions and other aircraft visually.
If the weather is below VMC, the pilot is required to use the instrument's flight rules, and the operation of the aircraft will mainly be through instrument references rather than visual references. In the control zone, VFR flights may obtain permission from air traffic control to operate as a Special VFR.
Video Visual flight rules
Requirements
VFR requires a pilot to be able to see beyond the cockpit, to control plane heights, navigate, and avoid obstacles and other planes. Government agencies set specific requirements for VFR flights, including minimum visibility, and distance from the cloud, to ensure that aircraft operating under the VFR can be seen from a sufficient distance to ensure safety.
Under visual meteorological conditions, the minimum visual range, the distance from the cloud, or the requirements of cloud permits that must be maintained above the ground vary according to jurisdiction, and may also vary according to the airspace in which the aircraft operates.
In some countries, VFR flights are permitted at night, and are known as Night VFRs. This is generally permitted only under more stringent conditions, such as maintaining a minimum safe height, and may require additional training as a pilot at night may not be able to see and avoid obstacles.
VFR pilots are required to "see and avoid" other obstacles and planes. Pilots flying under the VFR are responsible for their separation of all other aircraft and are generally not assigned routes or altitudes by air traffic control (ATC). Depending on the category of airspace where the flight is being made, a VFR aircraft may be required to have a transponder to help Air Traffic Control identify the aircraft on the radar so that ATC can provide separation to the IFR aircraft.
Meteorological conditions that meet the minimum requirements for VFR flight are called visual meteorological conditions (VMC). If they are not met, the condition is considered an instrument meteorological condition (IMC), and the flight can only operate under IFR. IFR operations have specific training requirements and required certification from pilots, and increased equipment requirements for aircraft. In addition, IFR flight plans should normally be submitted first.
For operational efficiency, some ATC operations will routinely provide a "pop-up" of IFR permission for VFR aircraft operations, but those arriving at airports that do not meet VMC requirements. For example, in the United States, California's Oakland (KOAK), Monterey (KMRY) and Santa Ana (KSNA) airports routinely grant temporary IFR permits when low-lying coastal strength instruments approach, while other states are still in visual flight rules.
For pilots without instrument ratings that can not legally fly with instrument flight rules, the VMC minima restrictions can be inconvenient in locations where weather conditions can change suddenly and unexpectedly or when weather events are highly localized. For example, a small cloud formed over an airport with a distance of less than 1000 feet technically requires the airport to allow only IFR flights using the instrument approach/departure. VFR flights that intend to land there will normally be denied permission, and must redirect to other areas with VMC, or declare a state of emergency and overrule a permit refusal, which may require an investigation and possibly result in adverse consequences for the pilot.
To avoid this scenario, VFR flights that intend to land or take off from airports experiencing local conditions slightly below the VMC minima may request Special VFR permission from the tower. SVFR flights are only allowed temporarily in the portion of the airport-controlled airspace (class B, C or D) that extends to the surface, and it should be explicitly requested by the pilot and provided by the tower (some airports, notably the Large Class Facilities B, let SVFR operation in their airspace altogether). Visibility in the field must still be greater than one law, but most of the other minimum VMC like ceiling is freed. The pilot is required to maintain the separation distance of the VFR from other aircraft and, by requesting SVFR, confirms that they can do so despite the marginal conditions. For flight departing, pilots must fly in the VMC when they leave a surface trail from controlled airspace (otherwise they will fly VFR on the illegal IMC).
VFR flights are not permitted in airspace known as class A , regardless of meteorological conditions except after two-way radio communications failures or during emergency states such as VFR traffic attempting to avoid severe weather formations. In the United States, class A airspace is measured using flight level, and starts at FL180 to FL600, which is about 18,000 to 60,000 feet measured using an altimeter at standard pressure (29.92 inHg, 1013 mbar). The only exception to IFR-only flights in this airspace is the occasional allowance of ships within a wave window that can be opened by air traffic control when high-altitude flight must be made into Lee's mountain waves.
Maps Visual flight rules
Traffic suggestions
In the United States, Canada and Australia, pilots operating under VFR outside Class B, C, D airspace may request the following "flights" from ATC. This service is provided by ATC if it is a workload permit, but it is a consulting service only. The responsibility for maintaining separation by other aircraft and proper navigation is still with the pilot in command (PIC). In the UK, this is known as "Traffic Services". In other countries it is known as "Flight Information Service".
Pilot certification
In the United States and Canada, any certified pilot who meets the criteria of experience with special updates may operate a decent aircraft under the VFR.
VFR altitude rule rules in the US and Canada
In the US, there is a special VFR cruising height, based on aircraft courses, to assist pilots in separating their aircraft while operating under visual flights above 3,000 feet above the surface (AGL) but under 18,000 feet Mean Sea Level (MSL). Unofficially, most pilots use this rule at all levels of shipping flights. FAR 91159 states that any plane:
- In magnetic path 0-179 degrees will fly at odd feet of thousands of feet of MSL 500 feet (e.g. 3,500,5,500 or 7,500 × ft) ; or
- In the magnetic field 180-359 degrees will fly at an altitude even thousand ft. of MSL 500 feet (for example, 4,500, 6,500, or 8,500Ã, ft).
Low flying rules in the US
In the US, Section 91 (in particular 91.119) of the Federal Aviation Regulations controls the minimum safe height that an airplane can operate in the National Airspace System.
- "Despite the" rules
- Although a certain height is mentioned as mentioned below - there is a general general-purpose requirement to maintain a sufficient height that if the power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to the person or property on the surface can be performed. This may be much higher than 500 feet or 1,000 feet
- 500Ã, ft rule
- An aircraft must maintain a height of 500 meters above the surface, except over open waters or sparsely populated areas. In such cases, the aircraft should not be operated closer than 500 feet to anyone, ship, vehicle, or structure.
- 1000Ã, ft rule
- An aircraft must maintain a height of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle in a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet above any city, city, or densely populated area, or above a collection of people in the open air.
Other aircraft, such as helicopters, powered parachutes, and heavy switching control plane, are not required to meet minimum FAR 91, during their operation without harm to people or properties on the surface.
Low flying rules in the United Kingdom
In the UK, Air Rules are clearly defined in the principle of Low Rules of Rules in Rule 5. The central principle is that the aircraft must always be able to make an emergency landing in case of engine failure. So these two criteria:
- 500Ã, ft rule
- A plane should not fly closer than 500 feet to anyone, ship, vehicle, building or structure.
- 1000Ã, ft rule
- If an aircraft flies over a crowded area (town, settlement, etc.) it has to fly high enough that in case of a machine failure, it can land without danger for people AND it is not may fly less than 1000 feet above the highest fixed object within 600 m of the plane.
The specified exceptions include normal take-off and landing on the aerodrome, helicopters (including military vehicles, police helicopters and air ambulances), air displays and hills on the glider.
Controlled visual flight rules
The CVFR flight is used in locations where aviation authorities have determined that VFR flights should be permitted, but minimal ATC and guidance separation is required. In this case, CVFR is similar to the Instrument flight rules (IFR) in ATC that will provide pilot posts and altitudes to fly, and will provide conflict separation and resolution. However, pilots and aircraft need not be assessed IFR to fly in the area of ​​CVFR, which is very profitable. Examples of airspace where common CVFR is Class Canada B airspace.
The CVFR concept is used in Canada and certain European countries, but not in the US, where the Private Pilot certificate itself allows pilots to receive leeway under the VFR.
In Israel and Palestine, for example, VFR does not exist. All visual flights must be made under CVFR rules.
See also
- Auto dependent supervision - broadcast
- BÃÆ'¡rÃÆ'¡ny chair
- VFR Night
- Parallel parallel simultaneous operation
- Custom visual flight rules
References
External links
- Australian VFR Regulations - published by CASA (Civil Aviation Safety Authority)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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