same-sex marriage (also known as gay marriage ) is marriage of same-sex couples, entering into civil or religious ceremonies. The term marital equality refers to the political status in which same-sex marriage and marriage of the opposite sex are recognized in the same manner as the law.
In 2018, same-sex marriage is recognized by law (nationally or in some parts) in the following countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, and Uruguay. In addition, Armenia, Estonia, and Israel recognize same-sex marriage couples entering into other countries. Same-sex marriage will also soon be recognized by law in Taiwan and Austria, following a constitutional court ruling on this issue in May and December 2017, respectively. Subsequently, after a movement proposed by Costa Rica, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued a decision supporting same-sex marriage on 9 January 2018, which is expected to facilitate recognition in several countries in America.
The introduction of same-sex marriage has varied by jurisdiction, conducted in various ways through legislative changes into marriage law, court decisions based on constitutional guarantees of equality, or through direct election (through voting or referendum initiatives). The recognition of same sex marriage is considered as a matter of human rights, civil rights, politics, social, and religion. The most prominent advocates of marriage of the same kind are human rights and civil rights organizations and the medical and scientific community, while the most prominent opponents are religious groups. Various religious communities around the world support same-sex marriage, while many religious groups oppose it. The polls consistently show continued support for the recognition of same-sex marriage in all the developed democracies and in some emerging democracies.
Scientific studies show that the financial, psychological, and physical wellbeing of gay people is enhanced through marriage, and that children of same-sex parents benefit from being raised by married couples in legally-recognized unions supported by community institutions.. Social science research shows that homosexual exclusion from the stigmatization of marriage and invites public discrimination against them, with research also rejecting the notion that civilization or decent social orders depend on restrictions on marriage with heterosexuals. Same-sex marriages can provide same-sex committed relationships that pay their taxes, government services and make financial claims to them comparable to those required for them in marriage of the opposite sex, and also provide them with legal protection such as inheritance rights and hospital visits.
Opposition to same-sex marriage is based on the belief that homosexuality is unnatural and abnormal, that the recognition of same-sex unions will encourage homosexuality in society, and that children are better off when raised by the opposite sex partner. This claim is denied by science which shows that homosexuality is a natural and normal human sexuality, that sexual orientation can not be chosen or influenced, and that same-sex couples are as good or even better than children of the opposite sex. A national data study from across the United States from January 1999 to December 2015 revealed that same-sex marriage formation was associated with a significant reduction in suicide trial rates among children, with the effect concentrated among children of minority sexual orientation.
Video Same-sex marriage
Terminology
Alternate terms
Some advocates of same-sex marriage law acts, such as Freedom to Marry and the Canadians for Equal Marriage, use the terms
The Associated Press style recommends the use of marriage for gay and lesbians or in unlimited titles of space gay marriage without hyphens and no quotes. The Associated Press warns that building a gay marriage can imply that same-sex marriage is different from a marriage of the opposite sex.
Use of the term marriage
Anthropologists have struggled to define the definition of marriage that absorbs the similarities of cross-cultural social construction around the world. Many of the proposed definitions have been criticized for failing to recognize the existence of same-sex marriage in several cultures, including in more than 30 African cultures, such as Kikuyu and Nuer.
With some countries revising their marriage laws to recognize same-sex couples in the 21st century, all major English dictionaries have revised their definition of good word marriage to drop gender specifications or complement it with a secondary definition to include gender-neutral language or explicit recognition of same-sex unions. The Oxford English Dictionary has acknowledged same-sex marriage since 2000.
Opposite marriage opponents, who desire marriage are restricted to heterosexuals, such as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Catholic Church, and the Southern Baptist Convention, use the term traditional marriage Means marriage of the opposite sex.
Maps Same-sex marriage
Study
The American Anthropological Association menyatakan pada 26 Februari 2004:
The results of more than a century of anthropological research on households, kinship, and family, across cultures and over time, do not provide any support for the view that civilization or decent social orders depend on marriage as an exclusive heterosexual institution. In contrast, anthropological research supports the conclusion that a large number of family types, including families built on same-sex partnerships, can contribute to a stable and humane society.
Research findings from 1998-2015 from the University of Virginia, Michigan State University, Florida State University, University of Amsterdam, New York State Institute of Psychiatry, Stanford University, University of California-San Francisco, University of California-Los Angeles, Tufts University, Boston Medical Center, The Psychosocial Aspects Committee on Children and Family Health and independent researchers also supported the findings of this study.
Suicide child
The formation of same-sex marriage was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of attempted suicide among children, concentrated among children from minority sexual orientation. A national data study from across the United States from January 1999 to December 2015 revealed that suicide rate among all schoolchildren in grades 9 to 12 decreased by 7% and suicide rate among school children from minority sexual orientation in grades 9 to 12 drop by 14% in countries that make up same-sex marriages, resulting in some 134,000 fewer children trying to commit suicide each year in the United States. The researchers took advantage of the gradual manner in which same-sex marriage was established in the United States (growing from 1 country in 2004 to 50 countries by 2015) to compare suicide trial rates among children in each country over a period of study time. Once same-sex marriage is established in certain countries, the reduction of suicide trial rates among children in the state becomes permanent. There was no reduction in the level of attempted suicide among children that occurred in certain states until the state admitted same-sex marriage. The study's lead investigators observed that "laws that have the greatest impact on gay adults can make gay children feel more hopeful for the future".
Health
In 2010, a study of the Public Health Sciences of Columbia Mailman University examined the effect of institutional discrimination on the mental health of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) individuals found an increase in psychiatric disorders, including more than double anxiety disorders, among LGB populations living in states that institutionalize same-sex marriage. According to the authors, this study highlights the importance of eliminating institutional forms of discrimination, including those that lead to disparities in the mental health and well-being of LGB individuals. Institutional discrimination is characterized by community-level conditions that limit opportunities and access to resources by socially disadvantaged groups.
Gay activist Jonathan Rauch argues that marriage is good for all men, whether homosexual or heterosexual, for engaging in social roles in reducing male aggression and association. Current data on social and psychological studies of same-sex marriage versus mixed sex marriage suggest that same-sex and mixed relationships do not differ in their essential psychosocial dimensions; that the sexual orientation of parents is not related to their ability to provide a healthy and nurturing family environment; and that marriage provides great psychological, social, and health benefits. The same parents and caregivers and their children may benefit in various ways from legal recognition to their families, and providing recognition through marriage will provide greater benefits than civil unions or domestic partnerships.
The American Psychological Association declared in 2004: "The denial of access to marriage to same-sex couples can greatly harm people who also experience discrimination based on age, race, ethnicity, disability, gender and gender identity, religion, socioeconomic status and so on." It also asserts that same-sex couples who can only enter into civil unions, as opposed to marriage, "are denied equal access to all the benefits, privileges and privileges granted by federal law to them from married couples, "which has an adverse effect on the well-being of same-sex couples.
In 2009, a pair of economists at Emory University tied state bans on same-sex marriage in the United States to an increased rate of HIV infection. This study links the passage of same-sex marriage ban in a state with an increase in annual HIV levels in that condition by about 4 cases per 100,000 population.
Parenting
Professional organizations of psychologists have concluded that children will benefit from the well-being generated when their parent relationships are recognized and supported by community institutions, such as civil marriages. For example, the Canadian Psychological Association stated in 2006 that "the financial, psychological and physical well-being of parents is enhanced through marriage and that children benefit from being raised by two parents in a legally recognized union." The CPA states in 2003 that stressors faced by gay and lesbian parents and their children are more likely to result from the way people treat them than because of any shortcomings in fitness for parents.
The American Academy of Pediatrics concluded in 2006, in an analysis published in the journal Pediatrics :
There is ample evidence to show that children are raised by parents-the same gender as those raised by heterosexual parents. Over 25 years of research have documented that there is no relationship between parental sexual orientation and any measure of emotional, psychosocial, and child behavior adjustments. These data indicate no risk to children as a result of growing in families with 1 or more gay parents. Careful, caring adults, whether they are male or female, heterosexual or homosexual, can be good parents. Rights, benefits, and protection of civil marriages can further strengthen these families.
Polling
A number of polls and studies on this issue have been conducted, including those that have been resolved during the first decade of the 21st century. A consistent trend of consistent support for same-sex marriages has been revealed worldwide, often driven by significant generation gaps. Many studies conducted in developed countries in the first decade of the 21st century show the majority of people favor same-sex marriage. Support for legitimate same sex marriages has increased in every age group, political ideology, religion, gender, race and region from various developed countries in the world.
In the United States, persistent voting by Gallup shows that support for same-sex marriage has grown rapidly, while opposition has collapsed. In 1996, 68% of Americans opposed same-sex marriage, while only 27% were supported. In 2018, 67% of Americans support same-sex marriage, while only 31% are opposed.
Detailed polls and studies of same-sex marriages conducted in some countries show that support for same-sex marriage generally increases with higher and stronger education levels among the younger generation.
Histori
Kuno
References to same-sex marriages (by Egyptians and Canaanites) are in the Talmud. The Old Testament prohibits homosexual relations (Leviticus 18:22, 20:13), and the Jewish sages gave reason for this because the Hebrews were warned not to "follow the actions of the land of Egypt or the acts of the land of Canaan." explicitly stated: "what did [the Egyptians and Canaanites]? a man would marry a man and a woman [married] a woman."
What is arguably the first historical mention of same-sex marriage performance occurred during the early Roman Empire according to controversial historian John Boswell. These are usually reported in critical or satirical ways.
The Emperor's son, Elagabalus, refers to his car driver, a blond boy from Caria named Hierocles, as his husband. He also married an athlete named Zoticus in a luxurious public ceremony in Rome amidst the excitement of citizens.
The first Roman Emperor to marry a man was Nero, who reportedly married two other men on different occasions. The first is with one of Nero's own freedmen, Pythagoras, with whom Nero takes on the role of the bride. Then, as the groom, Nero marries Sporus, a boy, to replace the concubine of the teenage girl whom he had killed and married her in a very open ceremony with all the courtesy of marriage, after which Sporus was forced to pretend to be a female concubine. that Nero had killed and acted as if they were really married. A friend gives the "bride" away as required by law. The wedding was celebrated in Greece and Rome in a luxurious public ceremony.
It should be noted, however, that the conubium exists only between Romanis civis and civis Romana (ie, between a Roman citizen and a Roman female citizen , so the marriage between two Roman men (or with a slave) would have no legal standing in Roman law (apart, perhaps, from the imperative will of the emperor in the two cases mentioned above).Furthermore, according to Susan Treggiari , " matrimonium is an institution involving a mother, the mater .The idea implicit in the word is that a man takes a woman in marriage, in matrimonium ducere , so he may have children by him. "
In 342 AD, the Christian emperors Constantius II and Constans passed the law in the Theodosian Code (i> C. Th. 9.7.3) prohibiting same-sex marriage in Rome and ordering executions for those already married.
Contemporary
Writing at Harvard Magazine in 2013, law historian Michael Klarman writes that while there was growing gay rights activism in the United States in the 1970s, "Marital equality is not a priority." He argues that many gay people were initially uninterested in marriage, regarded it as a traditionalist institution, and that the search for legal recognition of same-sex relations began in the late 1980s. Others, such as Faramerz Dabhoiwala wrote for The Guardian , say that the modern movement began in the 1990s.
Denmark was the first country to recognize legal relationships for same-sex couples, establishing a "registered partnership" in 1989. This gave them same-sex relations "most married heterosexual rights, but not the right to adopt or obtain joint custody of A child". In 2001, the Netherlands became the first country to allow same-sex marriage. Since then same-sex marriage was permitted and recognized by Belgium (2003), Spain (2005), Canada (2005), South Africa (2006), Norway (2009), Sweden (2009), Portugal (2010), Iceland (2010) Argentina (2013), Uruguay (2013), New Zealand (2013), Luxembourg (2015), United States (2015), Ireland (2015)), Colombia (2013) 2016), Finland (2017), Malta (2017), Germany (2017) and Australia (2017). In Mexico, same-sex marriages are conducted in a number of states and are recognized in all thirty-one states. In Nepal and Taiwan, their recognition has been legally mandated but has not been passed. In addition, most of the United Kingdom's jurisdictions have also legalized same-sex marriages, with the first being England and Wales in March 2014, followed by Scotland in December of the same year. Same-sex marriage, however, is not legal in Northern Ireland.
In Taiwan, on May 24, 2017, the Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex couples have the right to marry under the Taiwan Constitution and that the Legislature Yuan has two years to amend marriage laws to conform with the Constitution. If this is not done, same-sex couples may have unions registered as marriages and treated as such by law.
In December 2017, the Austrian Constitutional Court ruled in a case of discrimination that same-sex marriage would become legal in the country on 1 January 2019 if Parliament does not legalize before that date.
Timeline
Note: Countries and territories where same-sex marriage laws have been revoked are not included on the table.
International organization
European Court of Human Rights
In 2010, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled in Schalk and Kopf v Austria, a case involving an Austrian sex-mate who was denied the right to marry. The court found, by a vote of 4 to 3, that their human rights were not violated.
British Judge Sir Nicolas Bratza, then chair of the European Court of Human Rights, delivered a speech in 2012 that marked the court ready to declare same-sex marriage as a "human right", as soon as quite a number of countries are aligned.
Article 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights states that: "Men and women of marriage age have the right to marry and to form families, in accordance with national law governing the exercise of this right", not limiting marriage to them in heterosexual relationships. However, the ECHR states in Schalk and Kopf v Austria that this provision is intended to limit marriage by heterosexual relations, because it uses the terms "male and female" instead of "everyone".
European Union
On March 12, 2015, the European Parliament passed a non-binding resolution that encouraged EU and member states to "reflect on the recognition of same-sex marriage or same-sex civil unions as political, social and human rights and civil issues.. "
On 5 June 2018, the European Court ruled, in a case from Romania, that married couples in the EU had equal residency rights to other married couples, even if the state did not allow same-sex marriage. Subsequently, the court ruled that EU member states should recognize same-sex marriages committed in the member countries where they are legitimate.
Inter-American Human Rights Court
Following a movement filed by Costa Rica, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued a decree of key advisers supporting same-sex marriage on 9 January 2018, which is expected to facilitate legalization in several countries in America.
The court said that the government "must recognize and guarantee all rights derived from family ties between people of the same sex". They also say that it is unacceptable and discriminatory for separate legal provisions to be established (such as civil unions) rather than same-sex marriage. The court demanded that the government "guarantee access to all forms of the existing domestic legal system, including the right to marriage, to ensure the protection of all family rights established by same-sex couples without discrimination". Recognizing the difficulty in passing the law in countries where there is strong opposition to same-sex marriage, it suggests that the government issue a provisional decision until new laws are passed.
The court issued its verdict in response to a motion brought by Costa Rica in 2016. The Costa Rican government asked the Court to give its opinion on whether it has an obligation to extend the right of property to same-sex couples, and the Court ruled that it did. The Costa Rican government also wants to know if the government should allow transgender people to change their names and gender on their identity documents. Again, the Court ruled that it must.
Following the decision, LGBT advocacy groups and lawyers in various countries in the United States began to urge their respective governments and/or courts to implement the decision. These countries include Chile, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Peru.
The governments of Costa Rica and Panama have announced that they will fully implement the IACHR's decision. In addition, on January 11, the president of the Peruvian Supreme Court and the country's judicial chairman, DuberlÃÆ' RodrÃÆ'guez, stated that Peru must abide by the decision. On January 29, 2018, Housing Minister Carlos Bruce predicted that same-sex marriages will be allowed in Peru within two years, and some former Supreme Court judges and lawmakers, especially Indira Huilca, declare that same-sex marriage will soon be valid in Peru, no matter any. However, the Peruvian Government has not issued a formal decision on this issue.
Worldwide same-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage has been legalized (nationally or in some parts) in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway , Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, and Uruguay.
Marital status of marriage is complicated in a number of other countries. In Mexico, marriage is recognized by all sub-national jurisdictions and by the Mexican Government. On June 3, 2015, Supreme Court of Justice in Mexico released a "jurisprudential thesis" stating the purpose of the current marriage, procreation, as unconstitutional and discriminatory against same-sex relations. Courts across the country now have to legalize marriage between people of the same sex through orders, a process that is slower and more expensive than same-sex marriage. Israel does not recognize same-sex marriages committed in its territory, but same-sex marriages conducted in foreign jurisdictions are recorded strictly "for statistical purposes", thus avoiding official recognition of same-sex marriage by the state. In Armenia and Estonia, same-sex marriages conducted abroad are recognized.
Legal recognition
ArgentinaOn July 15, 2010, the Argentine Senate approved the bill extending marital rights to same-sex couples. This is supported by the Government of President Cristina FernÃÆ'¡ndez de Kirchner and opposed by the Catholic Church. Polls show that nearly 70% of Argentineans support giving gay people the same marriage rights as heterosexuals. The law came into force on 22 July 2010 after it was enacted by the President of Argentina.
Australia
Australia became the second country in Oceania to legalize same-sex marriage when the Australian Parliament passed legislation on December 7, 2017. The bill received royal approval on December 8, and came into effect on December 9, 2017. The law abolished the ban on same. an earlier sex marriage and a volunteer post survey conducted from 12 September to 7 November 2017, returning 61.6% of the "Yes" vote in favor of same-sex marriage.
Austria
Since January 1, 2010, same-sex couples have been allowed to enter a registered partnership ( Eingetragene Partnerschaft ).
On November 20, 2013, the Green Party introduced a bill in the Austrian Parliament that would legalize same-sex marriage. It was sent to the Justice Committee on December 17, 2013. The bill should be debated in Autumn 2014, but postponed by the ruling coalition.
In December 2015, the Vienna Administrative Court rejected a case against a same-sex marriage ban. The plaintiffs appealed to the Constitutional Court. On October 12, 2017, the Constitutional Court agreed to consider one case against the law prohibiting same-sex marriage. On December 5, 2017, the Court rejected the same-sex marriage ban as unconstitutional. Thus, same-sex couples will be allowed to marry from 1 January 2019. The court also ruled that civil unions will be open to same-sex couples and same-sex couples from that date onwards. The Austrian Parliament can, however, choose to pass the bill legalizing same-sex marriage before that date.
Belgium
Belgium became the second country in the world to legally recognize same-sex marriage when the bill passed by the Belgian Federal Parliament came into force on 1 June 2003. Initially, Belgium allowed same-sex marriage only if their home country also allowed these unions, a law enacted in October 2004 allows couples to marry if at least one of the couples has been living in the country for at least three months. Law 2006 legalized adoption by same-sex couples.
Brazil
The Supreme Court of Brazil ruled in May 2011 that same-sex couples are legally entitled to recognition of cohabitation law (known as uniÃÆ' Â £ o estÃÆ'¡vel , one of two possible family entities in the Brazilian law, including almost any right available to married couples in Brazil.
Between mid-2011 and May 2013, same-sex couples have their cohabitation problems transformed into marriage in several Brazilian states with the approval of state judges. All legitimate Brazilian weddings are always recognized throughout Brazil.
In November 2012, the Bahia Court equated marriage in the state of Bahia.
In December 2012, the state of Sao Paulo also has same-sex marriage passed by court order. Same-sex marriage also be equal in relation to the opposite sex between January 2012 and April 2013 by court order in Alagoas, CearÃÆ'¡, EspÃÆ'rito Santo, Federal District, Mato Grosso do Sul, ParaÃÆ'ba, ParanÃÆ'¡, PiauÃÆ', RondÃÆ'Â'nia, Santa Catarina and Sergipe, and in Santa Rita do SapucaÃÆ', a municipality in Minas Gerais. In Rio de Janeiro, the District Court facilitated its realization by district judges in an agreement with equity (instead of ordering a notary to receive same-sex marriage as others).
On May 14, 2013, Brazil's National Council of Justice issued a verdict requiring all civil registers of the country to engage in same-sex marriage with a 14-1 vote, thus legalizing same-sex marriage across the country. Resolution shall enter into force on 16 May 2013.
In March 2013, opinion polls indicated that 47% of Brazilians supported marital equity and 57% supported equalization of adoption for same-sex couples.
When the distinction between unmarried union type unions in relation to same-sex marriage is made, differences in the number of consents and rejection are still insignificant, below 1%; the most common reason for disagreement is the 'injustice' of same-sex relationships, followed by religious beliefs.
Canada
The recognition of same-sex marriage law in Canada follows a set of constitutional challenges under the terms of Canada's Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In the first such case, Halpern v. Canada, the same-sex marriage ceremony conducted in Ontario on January 14, 2001 was then validated when the general law, the definition of mixed sex marriage was held to be unconstitutional. Similar decisions have legalized same-sex marriage in eight provinces and one region when the 2005 Civil Marriage Act defines marriage across Canada as "a legitimate union of two people to the exclusion of others." Colombian
In February 2007, a series of rulings by the Constitutional Court meant that same-sex couples could apply for all rights held by heterosexual couples in de facto union of union (union de hecho ).
On July 26, 2011, the Colombian Constitutional Court ordered Congress to pass a law that provides same-sex couples the same rights to marry on June 20, 2013. If the law is not passed at that time, same-sex couples will be granted rights this. automatically.
In October 2012, Senator Armando Benedetti introduced a law that legalized same-sex marriage. Initially only allowed to civil union, but he changed the text. The First Committee of the Senate approved the bill on 4 December 2012. On April 24, 2013, the bill was defeated in the full Senate with a 51-17 vote.
On July 24, 2013, a civil court judge in Bogotá announced a same-sex married couple after the decision on July 11, 2013 received a petition. These are same-sex couples married in Colombia.
In September 2013, two civil court judges married two same-sex couples. The first marriage was challenged by the conservative group, and was initially canceled. However, in October, the Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo de BogotÃÆ'¡) retained the legitimacy of the marriage.
On April 7, 2016, the Court ruled that marriage is not exclusively applicable to couples of the opposite sex.
On April 28, 2016, the Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex couples were allowed into civil marriage in the country and that judges and notaries were forbidden to refuse to engage in same-sex marriage.
Denmark
On June 7, 2012, Folketing (Danish Parliament) approved new laws on same-sex marriage and religious marriage. This law allows same-sex couples to marry in the Danish Church. The bill received royal approval on June 12 and entered into force on 15 June 2012. Denmark was previously the first country in the world to legally recognize same-sex couples through a registered partnership in 1989.
On May 26, 2015, Greenland, one of the other two Danish constituent countries in the Realm of Denmark, unanimously passed a law that legalized same-sex marriage. The first married couple married in Greenland married on April 1, 2016, on the day when the law came into force.
On November 17, 2015, in the Faroe Islands (another constituent country in the world), same-sex marriage bills enter Parliament (LÃÆ'¸gting). The bill passed the second reading on April 26 and was approved at its third reading on 29 April 2016 by 19 votes to 14. The law requires ratification in the Danish Parliament, which gave it on 25 April 2017. The Fararia law allows civil marriage to same-sex couples and excludes Faroe Islands Church from being asked to lead same-sex marriage. The law came into force on 1 July 2017.
Finnish
The registered partnership has been valid in Finland since 2002.
In 2010, Justice Minister Tuija Brax said that his Ministry is preparing to amend the Marriage Act to allow same-sex marriage in 2012. On 27 February 2013, the bill was rejected by the Legal Affairs Committee of the Finnish Parliament on a 9-8 vote. A citizen initiative was launched to put the issue before the Finnish Parliament. The campaign garnered 166,000 signatures and the initiative was presented to Parliament in December 2013. After being rejected by the Legal Affairs Committee twice, he faced the first vote in a full session on November 28, 2014, which passed the bill 105-92. The bill passed the second and final vote by 101-90 on December 12, 2014, and was signed by the President on 20 February 2015.
The law came into force on 1 March 2017. This is the first time a citizen initiative has been approved by the Finnish Parliament.
French
Since November 1999, France already has a civil union law open to opposite sex couples and same-sex couples.
The French government introduced a bill to legalize same-sex marriage, Bill 344 , in the National Assembly on November 17, 2012. Article 1 of the bill defining marriage as an agreement between two people was adopted on February 2, 2013 in its first reading with 249 -97 votes. On February 12, 2013, the National Assembly approved the entire bill in 329-229 votes.
On April 12, 2013, the upper house of the French Parliament decided to legalize same-sex marriage. On April 23, 2013, the law was approved by the National Assembly with a vote of 331-225. Act No.2013-404 provides same-sex couples living in France, including foreigners provided at least one of their partners having their residence or domicile in France, the right to marriage. The law also allows recognition in France same-sex marriage couples that take place abroad before the law.
The main right-wing opposition party, the UMP, opposes the law in the Constitutional Council, which has a month's time to decide whether the law is in line with the Constitution. The Constitutional Council had previously ruled that same-sex marriage is one thing that Parliament must decide and there is little hope for the UMP to cancel the parliamentary vote. On May 17, 2013, the Constitutional Council announced the bill legally throughout the editorial. President FranÃÆ'§ois Hollande signed it into law on May 18, 2013.
German
Prior to the legalization of same-sex marriage, Germany was one of the first countries to enact a registered partnership law (Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft ) for same-sex couples, which provided most marriage rights. The law came into force on 1 August 2001, and the law was progressively changed on subsequent occasions to reflect court rulings that expanded the rights of registered partners.
Same-sex marriage has been valid in Germany since October 1, 2017. A bill that recognizes marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples passes the Bundestag on 30 June 2017 after Chancellor Angela Merkel declared that she would allow CDU/CSU MPs to vote for conscience. on the law, shortly thereafter was made a requirement for any future coalition by SPD, Green and FDP. The SPD jointly ruled by force voting on this issue along with opposition parties. Previous attempts by small parties to introduce same-sex marriage were blocked by CDU/CSU-led governments for several years. The bill was signed into law by German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier on July 20 and entered into force on 1 October 2017.
Iceland
Same-sex marriage was introduced in Iceland by law establishing the gender-neutral definition of marriage introduced by the Coalition Government of the Social Democracy Alliance and the Left-Green Movement. The law was unanimously passed by Icelandic Althing on June 11, 2010, and entered into force on 27 June 2010, replacing a previously registered partnership system for same-sex couples. Prime Minister JÃÆ'³hanna SigurÃÆ' Â ° ardÃÆ'³ttir and her spouse were among the first married couple in the country.
ireland
Prior to the legalization of same-sex marriages, the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Liabilities of the Cohabitants Act 2010 permitted same-sex couples to enter into civil partnerships. The Act came into force on 1 January 2011 and grants rights and responsibilities to same-sex couples similar to, but not the same as, civil marriages.
On May 22, 2015, Ireland held a referendum. The referendum is proposed to be added to the Irish Constitution: "marriages may be contracted according to the law by two persons without distinction for their sex". The proposal was approved with 62% of voters supporting same-sex marriage. On August 29, 2015, Irish President Michael D. Higgins signed the results of the May referendum into law, which makes Ireland the first country in the world to agree on same-sex marriage in a national referendum. Same-sex marriage is officially recognized in Ireland on November 16, 2015.
Luxembourg
Parliament approved the bill to legalize same-sex marriage on June 18, 2014. The law was published in the official paper on July 17 and entered into force on 1 January 2015. On 15 May 2015, Luxembourg became the first country in the EU to have a prime minister who do same-sex marriage, and the second in Europe. Prime Minister Xavier Bettel married Gauthier Destenay, with whom he has established a civil partnership since 2010.
Malta
Malta has recognized same-sex trade unions since April 2014, following the enactment of the Civil Society Act, was first introduced in September 2013. It established civil unions with the same rights, responsibilities and duties as marriages, including the right of joint adoption and marriage recognition same fellow the same. The Maltese Parliament gave final approval for the law on 14 April 2014 with 37 votes in favor and 30 abstentions. President Marie Louise Coleiro Preca signed it into law on April 16. First-sex same-sex marriage was registered on April 29, 2014 and the first civil union was conducted on 14 June 2014.
On February 21, 2017, Minister for Social Dialogue, Consumer Affairs and Civil Liberties Helena Dalli said she was preparing a bill to legalize same-sex marriage. The bill was submitted to Parliament on July 5, 2017. The final reading of the bill took place in Parliament on July 12, 2017, where it was approved 66-1. It was signed into law and published in the Government Gazette on 1 August 2017. Malta became the 14th country in Europe to legalize same-sex marriage.
Mexico
Same-sex couples can be married in Mexico City and in the states of Baja California, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Jalisco, MichoacÃÆ'¡n, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla and Quintana Roo as well as in some municipalities in QuerÃÆ'Â © talas. In individual cases, same-sex couples have been given legal consent to marry in all other states. Since August 2010, same-sex marriages conducted in Mexico are recognized by 31 countries without exception.
On December 21, 2009, the Federal District Legislative Assembly legalized same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex couples. The law was enacted eight days later and became effective in early March 2010. On August 10, 2010, the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that although not every country should provide same-sex marriage, they all must recognize the deeds performed where they are legitimate.
On November 28, 2011, two first-sex marriages took place in Quintana Roo after it was found that the Civil Code of Quintana Roo did not explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage, but the marriage was later annulled by Governor Quintana Roo in April 2012. In May 2012, Quintana Roo State Secretary cancel cancellations and allow same-sex marriage in the future to take place in the state.
On February 11, 2014, Coahuila Congress approved adoption by same-sex couples. A legislation legalizing same-sex marriage passed on 1 September 2014, making Coahuila the second country to reform its Civil Code to allow legal same-sex marriage. It came into force on September 17, and the first couple got married on September 20.
On June 12, 2015, Chihuahua Governor announced that his government would no longer oppose same-sex marriage within the state. The order was immediately effective, thus making Chihuahua state to legalize such unions.
On June 3, 2015, the Supreme Court of Justice released a "jurisprudential thesis" which considered state law to define marriage as a union between a man and an unconstitutional woman. The ruling standard court procedure in Mexico to adopt same-sex marriage. However, the process is long and more expensive than that for same-sex marriages, because the verdict does not invalidate state laws, which means gay couples will be denied the right to marry and have to turn to court for their respective decisions.. However, given the nature of the verdicts, judges and courts throughout Mexico must approve applications for same-sex marriage. The official release of the thesis is on June 19, 2015, which entered into force on 22 June 2015.
On June 25, 2015, after the Supreme Court ruling lifted the same-sex marriage ban in the area, Civil Guard Guerrero announced that they had planned a same-sex marriage ceremony for July 10, 2015 and indicated that there must be a change to the law to permit a gender-neutral marriage , passing the state legislature before its official start. The Registry announces further details of their plans, advising that only select a state registration office in which states will be able to participate in a collective marriage ceremony. The state governor instructed civil institutions to agree on same-sex marriage licenses. On July 10, 2015, 20 same-sex couples were married by Governor Rogelio Ortega in Acapulco. On January 13, 2016, the head of the Civil Registry Acapulco announced that all marriages that took place on July 10, 2015 by the Governor and his wife were void and invalid because same-sex marriage was not valid in Guerrero unless the couple was given amparo before. However, on February 13, 2016, the head of the State Department of Civil Registry Guerrero announced that same-sex couples can marry in one jurisdiction who wants to marry a spouse and criticize the Civil Registry of Acapulco and other civilian registries in the state for not allowing this. type of marriage. In March 2017, every state township in Guerrero had stopped issuing marriage certificates for same-sex couples.
On December 17, 2015, the Nayarit Congress passed a law that legalized same-sex marriage. In January 2016, the Mexican Supreme Court declared Jalisco's Civil Law unconstitutional for limiting marriage to the opposite sex, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage in the state. On May 10, 2016, Campeche Congress passed a same-sex marriage law. On May 18, 2016, both MichoacÃÆ'¡n and Morelos passed a bill allowing same-sex marriage to be legal. On May 25, 2016, a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in Colima was approved by the state Congress. In July and August 2017, respectively, the Mexican Supreme Court overturned same-sex marriage ban in the states of Chiapas and Puebla. In November 2017, the State Government of Baja California decided to stop imposing same-sex marriage ban.
On May 17, 2016, Mexico's President, Enrique PeÃÆ' Â ± a Nieto, signed an initiative to amend the country's Constitution, which would legalize same-sex marriage across Mexico. On November 9, 2016, the Constitutional Problems Committee of the House of Representatives rejected the 19th vote to 8.
Dutch
The Netherlands was the first country to extend marriage laws to include same-sex couples, following the recommendation of a special commission appointed to investigate the matter in 1995. The same-sex marriage bill passed by the House and Senate in 2000, taking effect on 1 April 2001.
In the special municipality of the Dutch Caribbean, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, weddings are open to same-sex couples. A law allowing same-sex couples to marry in the municipality was adopted and entered into force on October 10, 2012. Caribbean States Aruba, CuraÃÆ'§ao and Sint Maarten, form the rest of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, do not engage in the same sex. marriage, but must admit that is done in the proper Netherlands.
New Zealand
On May 14, 2012, Labor Party Parliament Louisa Wall stated that she would introduce a private member bill, Marriage Amendment Act (Marriage Definition), allowing same-sex couples to marry. The bill was submitted to a member ballot on May 30, 2012. It was taken from the vote and passed the first and second reading on August 29, 2012 and March 13, 2013, respectively. The final reading was passed on 17 April 2013 by 77 votes to 44. The bill received royal approval from the Governor-General on April 19 and entered into force on 19 August 2013.
New Zealand marriage laws apply only to the precise New Zealand and Ross Dependency in Antarctica. Other New Zealand territories, including Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau, have their own marriage laws and do not commit or recognize same-sex marriage.
Norwegian
Similar sex marriages became valid in Norway on January 1, 2009 when the gender-neutral marriage bill came into effect after it was adopted by the Norwegian Parliament in June 2008. Norway became the first Scandinavian country and the sixth country in the same legalized world. wedding. A gender-neutral marriage replaces Norway's previously registered partnership system for same-sex couples. Couples in registered partnerships can maintain that status or change their registered partnership into marriage. No new registered partnerships can be created.
Portugal
Portugal created a de facto union similar to a common-law marriage for same-sex couples who co-existed in 1999, and expanded the union to same-sex couples in 2001. However, the 2001 extension did not allow for same-sex adoption, either jointly -the same or from stepchildren.
On February 11, 2010, Parliament passed a law that legalized same-sex marriage. The Portuguese President enacted the law on 8 April 2010 and the law became effective on June 5, 2010, making Portugal the eighth country to legalize same-sex marriage nationally; However, adoption is still rejected for same-sex couples.
In December 2015, the Portuguese Parliament approved a bill to recognize the right of adoption for same-sex couples. It came into effect in March 2016.
South Africa
Legal recognition of same-sex marriage in South Africa occurred as a result of the Constitutional Court's decision in the case of Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie . The court ruled on December 1, 2005 that existing marriage law violates the equality clause of the Bill of Rights because they discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation. The court gave Parliament one year to fix inequality.
The Civil Code was passed by the National Assembly on 14 November 2006, with a vote of 230 to 41. This became law on 30 November 2006. South Africa became the fifth country, the first in Africa, and the second outside Europe, to legalize same-sex marriage.
Spanish
Spain is the third country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage, which has been valid since July 3, 2005, and supported by the majority of the Spanish people.
In 2004, the newly elected Socialist government, led by President Josà ©  © Luis RodrÃÆ'guez Zapatero, began a campaign for legalization, including the right of adoption by same-sex couples. After much debate, a law allowing same-sex marriage was passed by the Cortes Generales (Spanish bicameral parliament) on June 30, 2005. King Juan Carlos, who by law has up to 30 days to decide whether to grant royal approval on law, signed it on 1 July 2005. This law was published on July 2, 2005.
Swedish
Similar sex marriages in Sweden have been valid since May 1, 2009, after the adoption of a new gender neutral legislation on marriage by the Swedish Parliament on April 1, 2009, making Sweden the seventh country in the world to open same-sex marriages. national couples. Marriage replaces the Swedish registered partnership for same-sex couples. Existing registered partnerships between same-sex couples remain valid with the option to convert them into marriage. Same-sex marriage has been done by the Swedish Church since 2009.
United Kingdom
Since 2005, same-sex couples have been allowed into civil partnerships, a separate union that provides the legal consequences of marriage. In 2006, the High Court rejected a legal offer by a married British lesbian couple in Canada to have their union recognized as a marriage in the UK rather than a civil partnership.
In September 2011, the Coalition Government announced its intention to introduce same-sex civil marriages in England and Wales in the May 2015 general election. However, unlike a Scottish Government consultation, the UK Government's consultations to England and Wales excluded provisions for religious ceremonies. In May 2012, three religious groups (Quaker, Liberal Journalism and Unitarian) sent a letter to David Cameron, requesting that they be allowed to have same-sex marriage.
In June 2012, the British Government completed a consultation to allow civil marriages to same-sex couples in England and Wales. In his response to the consultations, the Government said it was also intended "... to allow religious organizations wishing to perform same-sex marriage ceremonies to do so, only on a permissive basis."
In December 2012, Prime Minister David Cameron announced that, while he prefers same-sex marriage in the context of religion, provisions will be made to ensure no religious institution will be required to perform such ceremonies. The third reading took place on 21 May 2013, and was approved by 366 votes to 161. On July 16, 2013, the Commons accepted all Lords amendments. On July 17, 2013, the bill received royal approval to be the Same Sex Couples Act 2013, which entered into force on March 13, 2014. First-sex marriage took place on March 29, 2014.
The Scottish government conducted a three-month consultation ending on December 9, 2011. The analysis was published in July 2012. Unlike consultations held in England and Wales, Scotland considers same-sex marriage and same-sex marriage. While the Scottish Government supports same-sex marriage, it states that no religious body will be forced to hold the ceremony once laws are enacted. On 27 June 2013, the Government issued the bill. To safeguard the freedom of both religious groups and individual pastors, the Scottish Government believes it is necessary for the changes made to the Equality Act 2010 and communicated to the British Government on this matter; thus, the first same-sex marriage in Scotland did not happen until this happened.
On February 4, 2014, the Scottish Parliament massively passed legislation legalizing same-sex marriage. The bill receives royal approval as a Civil Marriage and Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014 on March 12, 2014. The law took effect on December 16, 2014, with the same first marriage marriage taking place for those who changed their civilians. partnership in marriage.
The Northern Ireland Executive has stated that it does not intend to introduce laws that allow for same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland. Similar-sex marriage of other jurisdictions is treated as a civil partnership.
Of the fourteen British Foreign Territories, same-sex marriage has been valid in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands since 2014, Akrotiri and Dhekelia and the British Indian Ocean Territory (for British military personnel) since June 3, 2014, Pitcairn Islands since May 14, 2015, British Antarctic since October 13, 2016, Gibraltar since December 15, 2016, Ascension Island since 1 January 2017, Falkland Islands since 29 April 2017, Tristan da Cunha since August 4, 2017 and Saint Helena since December 20, 2017. Of the three Crown dependencies, same-sex marriage has been valid on the Isle of Man since July 22, 2016 and in Guernsey and Alderney since May 2, 2017 and June 14, 2018, respectively. In February 2018, Bermuda passed the 2018 Household Partnership Act, revoking same-sex marriage, endorsed by the May 2017 Supreme Court ruling. In June 2018, the Supreme Court of Bermuda dismissed legal sections that deprived same-sex marriage.
United States
Same-sex marriage in the United States was established on a country-by-country basis, growing from 1 state in 2004 to 36 countries by 2015, when, on 26 June 2015, same-sex marriage was established in all 50 states as a result of the decision of the United States Supreme Court in the case of civil rights landed from Obergefell v. Hodges , where it is held that the right of same-sex couples to marry at the same time the terms and conditions of the opposite sex, with all the rights and responsibilities attached to them, is guaranteed by the Clause Process Clause and the Protection Clause Equivalent to the Fourth Amendment The United States Constitution.
Civil rights campaigning for marriage without distinction about sex or sexual orientation began in the 1970s. In 1972, now upside down Baker v. Nelson sees the US Supreme Court's decline to engage. This issue became prominent from around 1993, when the Hawaii Supreme Court ruled in Baehr v. Lewin that the summary of the marriage state on the basis of sex is unconstitutional. The decision led to federal action and action by some states to explicitly shorten marriage on the basis of sex to prevent same-sex marriage from being recognized, the most prominent of which was DOMA. In 2003, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts ruled at Goodridge v. Ministry of Public Health that it is unconstitutional for the state to shorten marriage on the basis of sex. From 2004 to 2015, as the wave of public opinion continued to move forward to support same-sex marriages, state court decisions, state laws, popular referendums and federal court decisions established same-sex marriages in 36 states. In 2011, national public support for same-sex marriage rose above 50% for the first time. In 2013, the US Supreme Court overturned DOMA's main provisions, stating its share is unconstitutional and violates the Fifth Amendment in the United States v. Windsor . The ruling led to the federal government's recognition of same-sex marriage, with a federal allowance for married couples connected to either the country of residence or the country where the marriage was inaugurated. However, the decision focused on providing DOMA in charge of a federal government that refuses to recognize same-sex marriages approved by the state, leaving the country's own marriage law matters to each state. The US Supreme Court answered the question two years later in 2015, in power, at Obergefell v. Hodges , that the right of same-sex couples to marry under the same terms and conditions as those of the opposite sex, with all the rights and responsibilities attached to them, is guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States.
The Obergefell ruling came after decades of consistently increasing national public support for same-sex marriage in the United States, with support continuing to increase thereafter.
The United States is the most populous country in the world that has established nation-wide marriage.
Uruguay
Chamber of Deputies Uruguay passes bill on December 12, 2012, to extend marriage rights for same-sex couples. The Senate passed the bill on April 2, 2013, but with minor amendments. On April 10, 2013, the Chamber of Deputies passed the bill amended by a two-thirds majority (71-22). The President announced the law on May 3, 2013 and entered into force on 5 August.
National debates
Armenia
Armenia historically has little protection or recognition in the law of same-sex couples. This changed in July 2017, when the Justice Ministry disclosed that all marriages conducted abroad are valid in Armenia, including marriage between people of the same sex. It made Armenia the second country of the former Soviet Union, after Estonia, to recognize same-sex marriages conducted abroad.
Bulgarian
The Bulgarian Constitution prohibits the legalization of same-sex marriages, which establish that marriage can only take place between a man and a woman.
By the end of 2017, same-sex Bulgarian couples, married in England, file a lawsuit to have their marriage recognized. The Sofia Administrative Court ruled against them in January 2018.
Chile
Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile, who was elected to a second term in March 2014, has pledged to work for same-sex marriage and has a majority in both houses of Congress. Previously, he said, "Marriage equality, I believe we have to make it happen." Polls show majority support for same-sex marriage among Chileans. A poll conducted in September 2015 by the Cadem Plaza PÃÆ'ºblica survey institute found that 60% of Chilean people supported same-sex marriage, while 36%
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