Nowruz (Persian: ????? ? Nowruz , [nou 'uu: z] ; literally "new day") is the new name of Iran Year, also known as Persian New Year , which is celebrated worldwide by various ethno-linguistic groups as the beginning of the New Year.
Despite having the origins of Zoroastrian Iran and religion, Nowruz has been celebrated by people of various ethnic-linguistic backgrounds. It has been celebrated for over 3,000 years in West Asia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the Balkans. This is a secular holiday for most celebrities enjoyed by people of various religions, but remains a holy day for the Zoroastrians.
Nowruz is the day of the spring turning point, and marks the beginning of spring in the northern hemisphere. This marks the first day of the first month (Farvardin) in the Iranian calendar. Usually occurs on March 21 or the previous or next day, depending on where it is observed. As the sun crosses the celestial equator and equate night and day counted exactly every year, and families gather together to observe the ritual.
Video Nowruz
Etymology
The term Nowruz is a Persian compound word, consisting of the words now and ruz . Now (Old Persian: nava ), meaning" new "and derived from Proto-Indo-European * nÃÆ'  © wos , is cognate with English new , German neu , Greek ???? ( neos ), Latin novus , Russian ????? ( novyj ), and Sanskrit ?? ( nÃÆ'¡va ). Ruz (Middle Persian: r? Z , r? J ?; Avestan: raocah ), which means "day" in Modern Persian, and skirts , meaning years in some Slavic languages ​​are from Proto-Iran rau? ah - , itself comes from Proto -Indo-Europe * lewk - . The original meaning of the word, however, is "light". It is related to Armenian language ????? ( luys ), English light , Latin < span lang = "la" title = "Latin text"> lux , Sanskrit ???? ( rººci ), and Slovenian lu? .
Regional variations in pronunciation
Persian recitations differ in many dialects of the language. While the eastern dialect has retained diphthong nau ( IPA: Ã, [nÃÆ'Â|u '? O: z ] ), the western dialect usually says it with the diphthong now ( IPA: Ã, [no: '? U: z] ).
Spelling variation
Various spellings for the word Nowruz are in English. Random House (unabridged) provides spelling Nowruz .
Merriam-Webster (2006) only recognizes the spelling "Nauruz" (and a contestant in the final round of the 2006 Spelling Bee National Scripps in the United States, the Salvador Allion, disqualified on that basis).
Maps Nowruz
History and origin
Ancient root
Although it is unclear whether Proto-Indo-Iran celebrated the feast as the first day of the calendar, there are indications that Iranians may have observed the beginning of autumn and spring, each associated with harvesting and seed sowing, due to New Year's celebrations. Mary Boyce and Frantz Grenet explained the tradition for seasonal festivals and commented: "It is possible that the grandeur of the Babylonian festivities this season led Iran to develop their own spring festival into an established New Year's party, under the name Navasarda New Year "(a name which, though first proved through Persian Middle derivatives, is associated with the Achaemenian period.)" Because communal observations of ancient Iranians generally appear as seasonal, and associated with agriculture, "they are likely to traditionally hold festivals in autumn and spring, to mark a major turning point of the natural year. "
Nowruz is partially rooted in Iranian religious traditions, such as Mitraism and Zoroastrianism. At Mitraism, the festival has a deep connection with the sun. Iranian festivals such as Mehrgan (autumn equinox), Tirgan, and Chelle ye Zemestan's night (winter solstice) are also from the Sun (Solar) god. Among other ideas, Zoroastrianism is the first monotheistic religion that emphasizes broad concepts such as good and evil work in the world, and human relationships with nature. Zoroastrian practices are dominant for much of ancient Iranian history. In Zoroastrianism, the seven most important Zoroastrian festivals are the six Gahambar and Nowruz festivals, which occur in the equinox spring. According to Mary Boyce, "It seems plausible that Nowruz, the most sacred of them all, with profound doctrinal meaning, was founded by Zoroaster himself"; although there is no clear date of origin. Between the sunset on the sixth day of Gahambar and the sunrise from Nowruz, Hamaspathmaedaya (later known, in its expanded form, such as Frawardinegan and today known as Farvardigan ) is celebrated. This and Gahambars are the only festivals mentioned in the surviving text of the Avesta.
The 10th-century scholar Biruni, in his Kitab al-Tafhim li Awa'il Sina'at al-Tanjim , gives a description of the calendar of various nations. In addition to the Iranian calendar, the various festivals of the Greeks, Jews, Arabs, Sabians, and other countries are mentioned in this book. In the section on the Iranian calendar, he mentions Nowruz, Sadeh, Tirgan, Mehrgan, six Gahambars, Farvardigan, Bahmanja, Esfand Armaz and several other festivals. According to him, "It is the belief of the Iranians that Nowruz marks the first day when the universe begins its movement." The Persian historian Gardizi, in his work titled Zayn al-Akhb? R , under part of the Zoroastrians festival, mentions Nowruz (among other festivals) and specifically points out that Zoroaster greatly emphasizes Nowruz and Mehrgan's celebrations.
Achaemenid Period
It has been argued that the famous Persepolis complex, or at least the Apadana palace and the Hundred Column Hall, was built for the special purpose of celebrating parties associated with Nowruz. Although there may be no mention of the term "Nowruz" in the recorded Achaemenid inscription, there is a detailed account by Xenophon of Nowruz celebration taking place in Persepolis and the continuation of this festival in the Achaemenid tradition. It was an important day during the period of Achaemenids ( c 550-330 BCE ), in which kings of different countries under the Achaemenid Empire usually brought gifts to King of kings of Iran. The importance of the ceremony in the Achaemenid Empire was such that the appointment of King Cambyses II as king of Babylon was legitimized only after its participation in the annual Achaemenid festival. Therefore, it is a very lucrative opportunity for the ancient Iranian society.
In 539 BC, the Jews came under Iranian rule, thus exposing both groups to their respective habits. According to the EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica, Purim's story as recounted in the Book of Esther adapted from the Iranian novel about the shrewdness of the queen harem, suggests that Purim may be an Iranian New Year's transformation. Certain Novella was not identified and EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica himself noted that "no Jewish texts of this genre from the Persian period still exist, so these new elements can be recognized only indirectly". The Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics notes that Purim's holiday is based on the lunar calendar, while Nowruz occurs in the spring equinox. Therefore, the two holidays are celebrated on different dates but within a few weeks of each other, depending on the year. Given their temporal association, it is possible that Jews and Iranians at that time may have shared or adopted similar customs for this holiday.
Period of Arsacid and Sassanid
Nowruz is the holiday of the ruling dynasties of the Arsacid dynasty of Iran (248 BC-224 CE) and other areas ruled by the Arsacid dynasty outside Parthia (such as the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia and Iberia). There are specific references to Nowruz celebrations during the reign of Vologases I (51-78 CE), but this does not include details. Before Sassanids established their power in west Asia around 300 CE, the Parthians celebrated Nowruz in the fall, and the first of the Farvards began in the autumn equinox. During the reign of the Parthian dynasty, the spring festival was Mehrgan, the Zoroastrian and Iranian festivals celebrated in honor of Mithra.
Extensive notes on Nowruz's celebrations came after the accession of Ardashir I, founder of the Sasania Empire (224-651 CE). Under the emperor Sassanid, Nowruz is celebrated as the most important day of the year. Most of Nowruz's royal traditions, such as royal audiences with the public, cash prizes, and amnesty prisoners, were established during the Sassanid era and remain unchanged until modern times.
After the Muslim conquest
Nowruz, along with Sadeh (celebrated in the middle of winter), survived in society after the Muslim conquest of Iran in 650 CE. Other celebrations such as Gahambars and Mehrgan were finally sided or only followed by the Zoroastrians who took them. It was adopted as the main holiday of the kingdom during the Abbasid period.
In the book Nowruznama ("New Year's Book", associated with Omar Khayyam, a famous Persian poet and mathematician), a clear description of the celebration in Iran's ruling courts provided: "From the Kai era Khosrow until the days of Yazdegard, the last of the Iranian prince of Iran, the custom of such a kingdom: on the first day of the New Year,
After the collapse of the Caliphate and the re-emergence of Iranian dynasties such as Samanids and Buyids, Nowruz was appointed to a more important event. The Buyids revived the ancient traditions of the Sassanians and restored many of the small celebrations that the Caliphate had lost. According to the Syrian historian Yaqut al-Hamawi, the ruler of Buyid Iran? A? Od-od-Dawla (r.959-83) usually welcomes Nowruz in the majestic hall, where the maids have placed gold and silver plates and vases full of colorful fruits and flowers. The king will sit on the throne of the kingdom, and the court astronomers come forward, kiss the ground, and congratulate him on the arrival of the New Year. The king will then summon the musicians and singers, and invite his comrades. They will gather at a designated place and enjoy a great festive event.
Even the Turks and Mongols invaders did not try to eliminate Nowruz for another celebration. As such, Nowruz remains as the main celebration on Iranian land by officials and people.
Contemporary era
Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Iran was the only country that officially observed Nowruz ceremonies. When Caucasian and Central Asian countries gained independence from the Soviets, they also proclaimed Nowruz as a national holiday.
The UN General Assembly recognizes Nowruz International Day in 2010, describing it as an Iranian spring festival, which has been celebrated for over 3,000 years. During the meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee on Security of the Intangible Heritage of the United Nations, held between 28 September - 2 October 2009, Nowruz is officially registered on UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. In response to UN recognition, Iran launched a stamp. The stamp was published in front of the Iranian President during the first International Nowruz Festival in Tehran on Saturday, March 27, 2010.
The second international Nowruz celebration was also held in Tehran in 2011. The Third International Nowruz celebration was held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, on 25 March 2012 with the President of Tajikistan and his Iranian and Afghan counterparts in attendance. The next international ceremony to celebrate Nowruz is scheduled to be hosted by Turkmenistan.
Locality
The Nowruz Festival is celebrated by many groups of people in the valleys of the Black Sea, the Balkans, the Caucasus, West Asia, central and southern Asia, and by Iranians around the world.
Countries that have Nowruz as a holiday include:
- Afghanistan (March 21)
- Albanian (March 22)
- Azerbaijan (March 20 to March 26, seven days total)
- Georgia
- Iran (March 20 to March 24, total of five days in general and a total of 14 days for schools and universities)
- Iraq ( de jure in Iraqi Kurdistan, de facto national) (March 21)
- Kazakhstan (March 21 to March 24, a total of four days)
- Kosovo (March 21)
- Kyrgyzstan (March 21)
- Bayan-ÃÆ' â € "lgii, Mongolia (March 22, state-specific holiday) [3]
- Tajikistan (March 20 to March 23, total of four days)
- Turkmenistan (March 21 to March 22, a total of two days)
- Uzbekistan (March 21)
The Canadian Parliament, on March 30, 2009, with unanimous consent, passed a law to add Nowruz to Canada's national calendar.
Nowruz is celebrated by Kurds in Iraq and Turkey, as well as by Iran and Persia in Indian subcontinent and diaspora.
This is also done by the Iranian community in several regions of Europe and America, including Los Angeles, Toronto, Cologne and London. But because Los Angeles is vulnerable to a devastating fire, there is a very strict fire code in the city. No fires are allowed even on a property of his own. Typically, Iranian people living in Southern California go to the beach to celebrate events where allowed to build fire. On March 15, 2010, the United States House of Representatives passed the Nowruz Resolution (H.Res. 267), with 384-2 votes, "Recognizing the cultural and historical significance of Nowruz,..."
Iran
Nowruz marks the start of the New Year in Iran's official calendar, Hejri Surya's calendar. The current calendar system was first authorized by the Iranian Parliament on March 31, 1925. The Iran Nowruz celebration lasts for two weeks, before the fire festival (Chaharshanbe Suri) is also celebrated, and includes four official holidays from the first to the fourth day of Farvardin, the first month of Iranian calendar (usually coinciding with 21 March to 24).
After the 1979 Revolution, some radical elements of the Islamic government sought to suppress Nowruz, but failed to do so. They regard Nowruz as a kafir holiday and a distraction from an Islamic holiday. Nowruz has been politicized, and political leaders have made Nowruz's yearly speeches for years.
Azerbaijan
After Iran, the Republic of Azerbaijan hosts a large number of public holidays associated with Nowruz, for a total of seven days.
In Azerbaijan, holidays take several days and end with public dance parties and other entertainment from folk bands, as well as national sports contests. In rural areas, harvest holidays are also marked.
The Azeri Diaspora has a communal association governing Nowruz in the US and Canada and in Israel
Afghanistan
Nauruz is widely celebrated in Afghanistan. Also known as Farmers Day, the celebration usually lasts two weeks, culminating in the first day of the Afghan New Year, on 21 March. During the Taliban government (1996-2001), Nauruz was banned and considered an "ancient pagan-centered, fire-centered holiday."
Armenia
Since extinction during the 19th century, Nowruz is not celebrated by Armenians and is not a public holiday in Armenia. However, it was celebrated in Armenia by tens of thousands of Iranian tourists visiting Armenia relatively easily. The influx of tourists from Iran has accelerated since about 2010-11. In 2010 alone, about 27,600 Iranians spent Nowruz in the capital Yerevan.
In 2015, President Serzh Sargsyan sent congratulatory letters to the Kurds living in Armenia and to Iran's political leadership on Nowruz's occasion.
China
Traditionally, Nowruz is celebrated mainly in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China by ethnic Uyghurs, Chinese Tajiks, Salars, and Kazakhs.
It is a tradition for people to plant trees, dredge irrigation channels, clean the house and prepare a delicious meal for the guests during the festival.
Georgia
Nowruz is not celebrated by the Georgians (excluding those living in Iran and Azerbaijan), but it has been a public holiday in Georgia since 2010. It is widely celebrated by the country's large minority (~ 7% total population) as well as by Iranians living in Georgia. The majority of Georgian Azerbaijans live in the areas of Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti, Shida Kartli, and Mtskheta-Mtianeti. In addition, there is also a large historic community of Azerbaijan in the capital Tbilisi, thus marking this as a core area of ​​celebration in Georgia. Every year, major celebrations are held mainly in the capital Tbilisi. Georgian politicians have been attending celebrations in the capital for years, and have congratulated the ethnic group and citizens who are watching Nowruz in Georgia on Nowruz.
Kurdish
Newroz (or Nevruz ) is largely regarded as a strong symbol of Kurdish identity in Turkey, even if some Turks (including Turks) celebrate the festival. Turkish Kurds celebrate this feast between 18 to 21 March. The Kurds gathered in the open, mostly out of town to welcome the spring. The women wore colored dresses and head scarves and young men waving green, yellow and red flags, historic colors of the Kurds. They held this festival by lighting a fire and dancing around it. Newroz celebrations are usually organized by Kurdish cultural associations and pro-Kurdish political parties. Thus, the Democratic People's Party is a major force in organizing Newroz 2006 events throughout Turkey. In recent years, Newroz celebrations gathered about 1 million participants in Diyarbak? R, Turkey's largest city of Kurdish-dominated Turkey. Since the celebration of Kurdish Newroz in Turkey is often a theater for political messages, the events are often criticized for being a political demonstration rather than a cultural celebration.
Until 2005, Kurdish Turks could not celebrate their New Year openly. "Thousands of people have been detained in Turkey as authorities take action against suspected supporters of the Kurdish rebel movement PKK Holidays are now officially in Turkey following international pressure on the Turkish government to lift cultural restrictions The Turkish government changed its holiday name > Nevroz in 1995. In recent years, restrictions on the expression of Kurdish national identity, including the use of Kurds in the public sphere, have been very relaxed.
On March 21, 2013, PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan called for a ceasefire through a message released in Diyarbak? R during the Newroz celebration.
In Syria, Kurds wear their national dress and celebrate the New Year. According to Human Rights Watch, the Kurds had to fight to celebrate Newroz, and in the past the celebration had led to the cruel persecution, which led to several deaths and mass arrests. The government has stated that the Newroz celebrations will be tolerated as long as they do not become a political demonstration of the treatment of the Kurds. During the Newroz celebration in 2008, three Kurds were shot dead by Syrian security forces.
The Kurdish people in the diaspora also celebrate the New Year; for example, the Kurds in Australia celebrate Newroz, not only as the beginning of the new year, but also as the Kurdish National Day. The Kurds in Finland celebrate the New Year as a way to show their support for the Kurdish struggle. Also in London, organizers estimated that 25,000 people celebrated Newroz during March 2006.
Slavic and Baltic countries
Although Nowruz (Nowy Rok, NovÃÆ'½ Rok) is absorbed by Christian Easter, many historical Slavic religious traditions, which resemble many aspects of ancient Zoroastrianism, are still traditionally observed in rural areas. This ancient tradition was also promoted in Rodnovery's modern movement. Russian composer Igor Stravinsky dedicates Newruz the ballet Le Sacre du printemps .
The Newruz burning pile is complemented by Marzanna representing cold and morbidity, which is burned on the spring equinox and dumped into the river. Also the original tradition of pisanki/kra? Anki survives, though slowly replaced by Christian Easter eggs. In Nowruz, the Cardamine planting tradition, similar to Samani, is cultivated privately at home.
The Rules of Avesta, despite Christianization, were regularly followed by Slavic and Baltic society until the 14th century. This is best reflected in the traditional Slavic urban architecture that strictly follows the instructions found at Avesta . Yasna resembles the word Slavik which means the light/bright/clear/shining (feminine adjective of jasno , Slavic J pronounced like English Y ). The Slavic priests of the fire ceremony ("Ertwa/Agnihotra") are called ? Ercy/? Ercy resembles Zerdusht (Zarathushtra), the Slavic word for fire ogie? resembles Sanskrit agni . The Slavs absorb many Iranian states, for example: Sarmatians, Iazyges, Serboi, Amardi... and can be regarded as a European agricultural branch of the nordic Indo-Iran.
In the 19th century, the Polish professor Ignacy Pietraszewski reconstructed Avestan's Avesta books and translated them along the original parallel scriptures with Polish, German and French bids, as well as Latin transcripts from the original Avantan scriptures and valuable comments. The position at Naser al-Din Shah Qajar's palace was offered to the professor, whom he had well rejected. His books were burned in the German pile during Kulturkampf, and ironically inspired Nazi Germany in their "Aryan" tale discovery.
- Miano slavianskie w r? ku jednej familii od trzech tysi? cy lat zostaj? ce, czyli nie Zendawesta, a Z? daszta, for joking? ycie dawcza ksi ?? eczka Zoroastra. Das slavische Eigenthum seit dreitausend Jahren, oder nicht Zendavesta, aber Zendaschta, das heisst das lebenbringende Buch des Zoroaster , book 1-2, Berlin 1857 [another copy: [4]] (including book IV of Vendidad A new edition of the Polish translation only, entitled Z? Daszta, for joking? Yciodawcza ksi? Eczka Zoroastra albo Awesta Wielka , translated by Ignacy Pietraszewski, edited by: Julian Edgar Kassner and Andrzej Sarwa. Series: wi? Te Ksi? Gi, wi? Te Teksty 19 Published by: Wydawnictwo Armoryka, Sandomierz 2011. ISBN: 978-83-62661-19-0.
- Zend Avesta ou plutÃÆ'Â't Zen-Daschta expliquÃÆ'¨ d'aprÃÆ'¨s un principe tout ÃÆ' fait noveau. (...). Le text est accompagnà © d'une prononciation, de traductions polonaise et franÃÆ'§ais, et suivi d'un vocabulary et d'une grammaire , Berlin 1858-62 (three parts in two books); contain:
- section 1, book 1, 1858: Du Wendidad, rozdz. I-VIII another copy (extended by VI-VIII book of Vendidad , reprint Miano slavianskie... from 1857);
- section 2, book 2, 1862: Du Wendidad, rozdz. IX-XXII);
- section 3, book 2, 1862: Wyspered et Jasna, rozdz. I-LXXI).
Another copy: google books Reprint: Tehran 1976. (3 parts in 1 book). Also: Kessinger Publishing 2009 (part 1).
- AbregÃÆ' Â © de la grammaire Zend , Berlin 1861.
- Deutsche verbesserte ÃÆ'Ã… "beretzung der BÃÆ'¼cher des Zoroaster , Berlin 1864.
Observances
Cleaning and home shopping
House cleaning, or shake home ( ???????? ? - < i lang = "fa-Latn" title = "Persian transliteration"> xane tek? ni ) as referred to by Persian-speaking Iranians, usually observed prior to the arrival of Nowruz. People began preparing Nowruz with a major spring cleaning from their home and purchasing new clothes for New Year's wear, as well as the purchase of flowers. In particular, water hyacinth and tulips are very popular and striking.
Regarding the "natural rebirth", extensive spring cleansing is a national tradition observed by almost every household in Iran. It also extended to personal clothing, and it is a habit to buy at least one set of new clothes.
The Parsis decorate their homes with different symbols of luck; namely, stars, butterflies, birds, and fish. They order and make new clothes especially for the festival. On the day of Navroz, they wore their new and best clothes and wore gold and silver kustis and hats. They adorn doors and windows with bouquets of roses and jasmins, and use color powder to create a pattern known as rangoli on the stairs and doorways. Fish and flower motifs are the favorite among the rangolis and are considered very profitable.
Festival Charshanbe Suri
Charshanbe Suri (Persian: ?????????? ? - ?? r? anbe Suri ; Kurdish: ÃÆ' â € ¡ar? Sor ?; Azerbaijani: ÃÆ' â € ¨ r ?? nb? Bayram? ) is the beginning of the New Year. In Iran, it was celebrated on the last Wednesday night before Nowruz. Usually celebrated at night, and obtained by the people who make bonfires and jump over them, and light fireworks and sparks.
In Azerbaijan, where preparations for Novruz usually begin a month earlier, the festival is held every Tuesday for four weeks before the Novruz holiday. Every Tuesday, people celebrate the day of one of four elements - water, fire, earth and wind. On the eve of the holidays, the graves of relatives were visited and treated.
The Iranians sang a traditional poetic quote of zippy ye man az to, sorkhi ye to az man during the festival, which literally means "yellow is mine, yours is mine"; meaning you want the fire to replace your pallor, disease, and problems with warmth and energy. A mix of trails and fruit is also served during the celebration.
Spoon hit ( ?????? ? - q ?? oq zani ) is an Iranian tradition observed on the night of Charshanbe Suri, which is similar to Trick-or-treat Halloween. It is practiced by people who use a disguise and go door to door to punch a spoon into a plate or bowl and receive a packaged snack.
In Azerbaijan, according to old tradition, children sneak into their neighbors' homes and apartments on the last Tuesday before Novruz, knock on the door, and leave their hats or small baskets in the doorway hiding nearby waiting for candy, pastries and nuts.
The jumping ritual remains in Armenia at the Trndez party, which is a cleansing ceremony in the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church, celebrated forty days after Jesus' birth.
Festivals of Gul-i-Surkh and Dehq? n
In Afghanistan, the Gul-i-Surkh festival (From: ???? ?; "Red Flower", referring to red tulip flowers) is the main festival for Nauruz. It was celebrated in Mazar-i-Sharif during the first 40 days of the year, when tulips grew in the green plains and on the hills around the city. People from all over the country traveled to Mazar-i-Sharif to attend the Nauruz festival. Various activities and habits are performed during the Gul-i-Surkh festival, including:
- Jahenda Bala (From: ????? ???? ?; "Raising") , which is celebrated on the first day of the New Year, and is attended by top government officials such as Vice Presidents, Ministers, and Provincial Governors - This is a special religious ceremony conducted at the Mazar-i-Sharif Blue Mosque. The ceremony is done by raising a special banner whose color configuration resembles Derafsh Kaviani. This is Nawroz's largest recorded gathering where up to 200,000 people from all over Afghanistan gather to celebrate the ceremony.
- Buzkashi tournament, held during the Gul-i-Surkh festival in Mazar-i-Sharif, Kabul and other northern Afghan cities
Festival Dehq? N (From: ????? ?; "Farmers") is celebrated on the first day of the New Year, where farmers walk in town city ​​as a sign of encouragement for agricultural production. In recent years, this activity has only taken place in Kabul and other major cities of Afghanistan, where mayors and other high-ranking government officials participate to watch and observe.
Kabul residents go to Istalif, Charikar or other green places around where the flowers Cercis grow. They went on a picnic with their families for the first two weeks of the New Year.
Decorative table
Haft-sin
Haft-sin ( ??????? ?; "Seven [items beginning with the letter] sin (S) ") is the setting of Nowruz's traditional table in Iran. Usually, before the arrival of Nowruz, family members gather around the Haft-sin table and wait for the exact moment of the March equinox to celebrate the New Year. Haft-sin consists of seven symbolic items whose names start with the letter sin (? ?) In Persian alphabet, that is:
- Sabze (? ??? ?) - wheat, barley, green beans, or green beans grown on a plate.
- Samanu ( ???? ?) - Sweet pudding made from wheat germ.
- Senjed ( ???? ?) - Persian olive is dry.
- Serke ( ???? ?) - vinegar.
- Sib ( ??? ?) - apple.
- Sir ( ??? ?) - garlic.
- Som? q (? ??? ?) - sumac.
These items are also known to have astrological correlations to planets of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Sun, and Moon. Other items usually used to accompany Haft-sin include mirrors, candles, painted eggs, a bowl of water, golden fish, coins, hyacinth, and traditional confectionery. A "wisdom book" is also commonly included, which may be the Qur'an, the Bible, the Avesta, the languages ​​transliteration? hn? Me Ferdowsi, or div? n from Hafez.
The origins of Haft-sin are not clear. This practice is believed to have been popularized for the last 100 years.
Haft Mewa
In Afghanistan, people prepare Haft Mewa (From: ?????? ? - Haft M? wa ; literally" Seven Fruits ") for New Year's Day. It's similar to a fruit salad, and is made from seven different dried fruits served in their own syrup.
The seven dry fruits prepared for the Haft Mewa arrangement include:
- Raisin
- Senjed, dried fruit from the oleaster tree.
- Pistachio
- Hazelnut
- Prune, dry prunes.
- Walnut
- Almond or other drupes species.
Khoncha
In Azerbaijan, the festive table decoration is called Khoncha (Azerbaijan: XonÃÆ'§a ). It consists of a large silver or copper tray, with Samani placed in the center, as well as candles and eggs stained with the number of family members around him.
Meja harus diatur, setidaknya, dengan tujuh piring.
Pelopor tradisional
Amu Nowruz dan Haji Firuz
In Iran, the traditional heroes of the Nowruz festival are Amu Nowruz and Haji Firuz, who appear every year on the streets to celebrate the New Year.
Amu Nowruz brings gifts for the children, like his Christian counterpart Santa Claus. He is Nane Sarma's husband, with whom he shares a traditional love story where they can meet each other only once a year. She is characterized as a silver-haired old man in a hat, and has a cane, a long robe of blue canvas, a sash, a pair of thin underwear, and a pair of linen pants.
Haji Firuz, a character with his face and hands covered in soot, clad in bright red clothing and dressing caps, is Amu Nowruz's companion. She danced on the street while singing and playing tambourine. In traditional songs, he introduces himself as a slave who tries to comfort the people he calls his master.
Kampirak
In Afghan folklore, Kampirak and his escort pass through villages with villages distributing charities gathered among the people. He is an old bearded man dressed in colorful outfits with long hats and rosaries that symbolize the virtues and forces of nature that generate winter power. This tradition is observed in the central provinces, especially Bamyan and Daykundi.
Visiting each other
During the Nowruz holidays, people are expected to visit each other (mostly confined to family, friends and neighbors) in the form of short home visits, which are usually reciprocated. Usually, the youth will visit the elders first, and the elders return to visit them later.
In Iran, a visit must naturally be relatively short, otherwise, one will not be able to visit everyone on the list. A typical visit of less than 30 minutes, where you often meet with relatives and other visiting friends who happened to be visiting the same house at the time.
Because of home visits, make sure you have a supply of pastries, cookies, fresh and dried fruits, and plenty of beans, as you usually serve visitors with these items with tea and other beverages. Many Iranians will throw Nowruz's party at a central location as a way to tackle the distance between friends and family.
Sizdah bedar
In Iran, Nowruz's holiday lasts thirteen days. On the thirteenth day of the New Year, Iranians leave their homes to join nature and a picnic outside the home, as part of a Sizdebedar ceremony.
On Sizdah's sleep day, the green plants grown for the Haft-sin setting are thrown away, especially into running water. It is also common for young singles, especially young girls, to tie the green leaves before throwing them away, expressing a desire to find a partner.
Another habit associated with the Sizdah bedar is Lie of the Thirteen, which is the process of lying to someone and getting them to believe it. It has been borrowed directly from April Fool's Day, and has become fashionable in Iran by chance with the day of Sizdah's sleep.
Cuisine
Desserts and Snacks
- Ajil (Kurdish, Persian): Mixed trail
- Baklava (Azerbaijan, Persian, Turkey): Flaky cake filled with walnuts, almonds or pistachio, and flavored with rose water
- Falooda (Parsis) dessert: Sweet milk drink made from vermicelli and flavored with rose essence
- Lagan-nu-custard dessert (Parsis): Caramel pudding type.
- Nan berenji (Iran): Cake made from rice flour
- Noql (Pashtun, Persian, Tajiks): Sugar-coated almonds
- Samanu (Azerbaijan, Kurdish, Persian): Sprouted wheat pudding
- Shekerbura (Azerbaijanis): sweet cakes of Azerbaijan
- Shorgoghal (Azerbaijanis): Scaly bread with spice stuffing
Plates
- Ash e reshte (Iran): Traditional noodle soup served on the first day of Nowruz.
- Chicken farcha (Parsis): Parsi dish typical of fried chicken.
- Dolma (Azerbaijanis): A traditional Azeri dish, cooked just before the New Year. This includes cooked vegetables, meats and rice, then rolled in grape leaves and cooked again.
- Fried fish and jelabi (Afghan): The most frequent Nauruz picnic in Afghanistan.
- Nail sabzi (Iran): Herbs and soufflÃÆ'Â © vegetables, traditionally served for dinner on New Year's. It is a light and smooth omelet made with parsley, herb dill, green coriander (coriander), spinach, spring onion and spring onion, mixed with eggs and walnuts.
- Kulcha-e Nauruz? (Pashtuns, Tajik): Afghan rice cakes only baked for Nauruz.
- Nawr? z koje (Kazakhs): Traditional New Year dishes of the Kazakhs, which include water, meat, salt, flour, seeds and milk.
- Reshte polow (Iranians): Rice cooked with noodles.
- Sabzi chalaw (Pashtuns, Tajiks): A dish made of rice and spinach.
- Sabzi resides with fish (Iran): Eat traditional New Year's Day rice with a green herb, served with fish. Traditional ingredients for sabzi polow are parsley, coriander (cilantro), green onion, herb dill and fenugreek green.
Mythology
There are various basic myths for Nowruz in Iranian mythology.
Shahnameh dates Nowruz as far back into the reign of Jamshid, which in the Zoroastrian texts saves humankind from winter killers destined to kill every living creature. Jamshid, Iran's mythical king, may symbolize the transition from Proto-Iran from animal hunting to farms and a more sedentary life in human history. In Shahnameh and Iranian mythology, he is credited with the foundation of Nowruz. The book read that Jamshid built a gem-filled throne. He has an evil spirit that lifts him up on earth to heaven; there he sat on his throne like the sun shining in the sky. The creatures of the world gather with wonder about him and the gems scattered around him, and call today New Day ( Now Ruz ). This is the first day of Farvardin, which is the first month of the Iranian calendar.
Astronomy
The first day of the Iranian calendar falls on the March equinox, the first day of spring, around March 21. At the time of the equinox, the sun is observed directly above the equator, and the north and south poles of the Earth lie along the sun's terminator. Sun rays are distributed evenly between the northern and the southern hemisphere.
In about the 11th century, major reforms of the Iranian calendar took place and whose main purpose was to improve the beginning of the calendar year, Nowruz, at the turning point of spring. Thus, Nowruz's definition given by Iranian scientists Tusi is as follows: "the first day of the official New Year [Nowruz] is always the day on which the sun enters Aries before noon."
Calendar
Nowruz is the first day of Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian sun calendar.
In the Fasli / Bastani variant of the Zoroastrian calendar, Navroz has always been the day of the spring turning point (nominally falling on 21 March).
In the calendar Shahenshahi and Kadmi , which does not take into account leap year, New Year's Day has drifted over 200 days. The last two variants of this calendar, followed only by the Zoroastrians of Pakistan and India, celebrate spring equinox as Jamshed-i Nouroz, with New Year's Day which is then celebrated in July-August as Pateti. "(day) of remorse" (from patet "confession," therefore repentance and regret).
Theology
Zoroastrian followers include Nowruz in their religious calendar, as do followers of other religions. Shia literature refers to the goodness of Nowruz's day; Ghadir's Day took place in Nowruz; and the fatwa of the main Shia scholars recommended fasting. Nowruz is also a holy day for the Sufis, Bektashis, Ismailis, Alawi, Alevis, Babis, and Fa Fa faithful.
BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ' Faith
Naw-RÃÆ'ºz is one of the nine holy days for Fa'a Fa faithful around the world. This is the first day of the Bahá''á calendar, occurring on the vernal equinox around 21 March. The Bahá''á Calendar consists of 19 months, 19 days each, and each month is called the attribute of God; the same every day of the nineteen days of the month is also named by the attributes of God. The first day and the first month are attributed Bahá, an Arabic word that means grandeur or glory, and thus the first day of the year is Baha's day in the month of Baha. BahÃÆ'¡'u'llÃÆ'¡h, founder of BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ' Faith, explains that Naw-RÃÆ'ºz is associated with the Most Great Name God, and is instituted as a festival for those observing Nineteen fast days.
That day is also used to symbolize the renewal of time in every religious dispensation. `Abdu'l-BahÃÆ'¡, son and successor BahÃÆ'¡'u'llÃÆ'¡h, explains that the significance of Naw-RÃÆ'ºz in terms of spring and new life it produces. He explained that the equinox is a symbol of the messengers of God and the message they declare is like a spiritual spring, and that Naw-RÃÆ'ºz is used to commemorate it.
Like all Baháti holy days, there are some fixed rules to observe Naw-RÃÆ'ºz, and BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ's around the world celebrate it as a festive day, in accordance with local customs. Persian BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ's still observes many of the Iranian customs associated with Nowruz such as Haft-sin, but the Bahá¡'Ã, America community, for example, may have a makeshift dinner, along with prayers and readings from the holy book Bahá¡ A.
The belief of two Shi'ites and Ismaili Shiite faith
Along with Ismailiyah, Alawi and Alevis, Shiite Twelve also held the day of Highrand in Nowruz.
It is said that Moses al-Kadhim, the seventh Twelver Shia priest, has explained Nowruz and said: "In Nowruz Allah made a covenant with His servants to worship Him and not allow His partner to welcome Him, His messengers and obey the rules of the world Today is the first day of the breezy wind and the flowers of the earth appear: Gabriel's angel appeared to the Prophet, and this is the day when Abraham destroyed the idols, the shoulder to destroy the idolatrous Quraishie in the house of God, 'flood. "
The day in which Nowruz falls has been recommended as a day of fasting for Shia Twelver Muslims by Shia scholars, including Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, Ruhollah Khomeini and Ali al-Sistani. That day also has a special meaning for the Shiites as it has been said that on 21 March 656 AD that the first Shi'ite Imam, Ali, occupied the Caliphate.
See also
- Tammuz (god)
- Nowruz's night among the Mazandarani people
- Vernal Equinox
- New Year's Day
- New Year of Assyria
- Sham el-Nessim
- It's
- Seharane
- Aroos-Gooleh
- ? ostre
Note
References
External links
- Nowruz in EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica
- Time and Date for Nowruz worldwide
- Exact Date & amp; Nowruz's time in [Taghvim.com] (not in English)
- Nowruz in EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Iranica
- UN Recognizes Nowruz as International Day
- Nowruz holidays , (in Russian) , (in Turkmen)
- Persia Nowruz by Iraj Bashiri
- Nowruz on [parstimes.com]
- Nowruz Countdown (in Persian)
- Nowruz New Year Persian - Amaana.org
- Videos
- Nowrooz Holidays in Iran - PressTV (2012)
- Nowruz- Simply Explained on YouTube
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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