Whales are a wide and diverse group of marine placental marine mammals. They are informal groupings in infraorder cetaceans, usually excluding dolphins and dolphins. Whales, dolphins and dolphins belong to the order Cetartiodactyla with ungulates even nails and their closest living relatives are hippos, having deviated around 40 million years ago. Two whale parvoirs, baleen whales (Mysticeti) and toothed whales (Odontoceti), are thought to have split some 34 million years ago. The Pope is composed of eight extant families: Balaenopteridae (rorqual), Balaenidae (right whale), Cetotheriidae (pygmy right whale), Eschrichtiidae (gray whale), Monodontidae (beluga and narwhal), Physeteridae (sperm whale), Kogiidae (stunted and dwarfed sperm whales), and Ziphiidae (half whale).
The pope is a creature of an open ocean; they feed, mate, give birth, breastfeed and raise their children at sea. So extreme is their adaptation to life under water that they can not survive on land. The whale has a range of sizes ranging from 2.6 meters (8.5 feet) and 135 kilograms (298 pounds) of dwarf sperm to 29.9 meters (190 feet) and 190 metric tons (210 tons) of blue whales, which is the largest creature who have ever stayed. Sperm whales are the largest toothed predators on earth. Some species exhibit sexual dimorphism, that women are bigger than men. Baleen whales do not have teeth; instead they have baleen slabs, structures like fringes that are used to drain water while maintaining the krill and plankton they eat. They use their throat folds to expand the mouth to take a huge gulp of water. Balaenids have heads that can form 40% of their body mass to take water. Toothed whales, on the other hand, have cone-shaped teeth designed to catch fish or squid. Baleen whales have a well-developed sense of smell, while toothed whales have well-developed hearing - their hearing, adjusted for air and water, is so well developed that some can survive even if they are blind. Some species, such as sperm whales, adapt well to dive into deep depths to capture squid and other favorite prey.
The whales have evolved from mammals that live on land. As whales have to breathe air regularly, though they can remain submerged under water for long periods of time. Some species such as sperm whales can remain submerged for 90 minutes. They have a blowhole (modified nostrils) located above their heads, where air is taken and removed. They are warm-blooded, and have a layer of fat, or fat, under the skin. With a sleek fusiform body and two limbs modified to the fins, whales can travel up to 20 knots, though they are not as seaborely or seaborely as seals. The pope produces great variations of vocalizations, especially long humpback whales. Although whales are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, and migrate to the equator for childbirth. Species like humpbacks and blue whales can travel thousands of miles without eating. Men usually mate with many females each year, but females only mate every two to three years. Calves are usually born in spring and summer and females bear all the responsibility to raise them. Mothers of several species are fast and breastfeed their children for one to two years.
After relentlessly hunted for their products, the pope is now protected by international law. The North Atlantic Whale was almost extinct in the 20th century, with a population below 450, and the North Pacific gray whale population was ranked Critically Endangered by IUCN. In addition to whaling, they also face threats from bycatch and marine pollution. Meat, fat and baleen whales have traditionally been used by Arctic natives. The Pope has been portrayed in cultures around the world, mainly by the Inuit and coastal communities of Vietnam and Ghana, who occasionally hold papal cemeteries. Whales sometimes appear in literature and movies, as in Herman Melville's big white whales Moby Dick. . Little whales, like whales, are sometimes kept in captivity and trained to do the trick, but successful breeding has been bad and the animals often die within a few months of capture. Whale watching has become a form of tourism around the world.
Video Whale
Etimologi dan definisi
The word "pope" comes from the Old English whÃÆ'Â|l , from Proto-Germanic * hwalaz , from Proto Indo Europe * (s) kwal-o- , meaning "big sea fish". The Proto-Germanic * hwalaz is also the source of Old Saxon hwal , Old Norse hvalr , hvalfiskr , Sweden val , Middle East wal , walvisc , Dutch
The term "whale" is sometimes used interchangeably with dolphins and dolphins, acting as a synonym for cetaceans. Six species of dolphins have the word "whale" in their name, collectively known as blackfish: killer whales, melon-headed whales, dwarfing whales, false killer whales, and two species of pilot whales, all classified under the Delphinidae family (dolphins) sea ​​dolphins). Each species has different reasons for it, for example, the killer whale is named "Ballena asesina" by a Spanish sailor, which translates directly into "whale killer" or "whale killer," but more often translates into "killer whale".
Maps Whale
Taxonomy and evolution
Phylogeny
The whale is part of the cloning of the terrestrial mammal Laurasiatheria. The pope does not form a clade or order; Infraorder Cetaceans include dolphins and dolphins, which are not considered to be whales. Phylogenetic trees show the relationship of whales and other mammals, with groups of whales characterized by green.
Cetaceans are divided into two parvorders: the largest parvorder, Mysticeti (baleen whale), is characterized by the presence of baleen, a structure such as a jaw strain made of keratin, used to filter plankton, inter alia, from water; Odontocetes (toothed whales) are characterized by sharp teeth to hunt, compared to their peers' ballet.
Cetaceans and artiodactyls are now classified under the order Cetartiodactyla, often still referred to as Artiodactyla, which includes whales and hippos. Hippopotamus and pygmy hippopotamus are the closest living relatives on land.
Mysticetes
Mysticetes is also known as baleen whales. They have a pair of blowholes and have no teeth; instead they have baleen plates that form structures such as a sieve on the upper jaw made of keratin, which they use to filter plankton from water. Some whales, such as humpbacks, live in polar regions where they feed on reliable fish and krill sources. These animals rely on well-developed tail fin and fin to propel themselves through water; they swim by moving the front fins and tail fins up and down. The loose ribs articulate with their thoracic vertebrae at the proximal end, but do not form a rigid rib. This adaptation allows the chest to press during dives as the pressure increases. Mysticetes consists of four families: rorquals (balaenopterids), cetotheriids, right whales (balaenids), and gray whales (eschrichtiids).
The main difference between each mystical family is in their adaptation of eating and subsequent behavior. Balaenopterids is a rorqual. These animals, along with cetotheriids, rely on their throat folds to swallow a lot of water while eating. Throat folds extend from the mouth to the navel and allow the mouth to expand to large volumes to capture the more efficient small animals that they eat. Balaenopterids consists of two genera and eight species. Balaenids are the right whales. These animals have very large heads, which can form up to 40% of their body mass, and most of the head is the mouth. This allows them to take large amounts of water to their mouth, letting them feed more effectively. Eschrichtiids has one living member: gray whale. They are the bottom feeders, mainly eating crustaceans and benthic invertebrates. They feed by turning their sides and taking water mixed with sediment, which is then ejected through the balin, leaving their prey trapped inside. This is an efficient hunting method, in which whales have no major competitors.
Odontocetes
Odontocetes is known as toothed whale; they have teeth and only one blowhole. They rely on their well-developed sonar to find their way in the water. Toothed whales send ultrasonic clicks using melons. Sound waves cross the water. After striking the object in the water, sound waves bounce back on the whale. This vibration is received through the fat tissue in the jaw, which is then transferred to the ear bone and to the brain where the vibration is interpreted. All toothed whales are opportunistic, meaning they will eat anything they can fit in their throats because they can not chew. These animals rely on well-developed tail fin and fin to propel themselves through water; they swim by moving the front fins and tail fins up and down. The loose ribs articulate with their thoracic vertebrae at the proximal end, but they do not form a rigid rib. This adaptation allows the chest to solidify during deep dives as opposed to resisting the strength of water pressure. Excluding dolphins and dolphins, odontocetes consists of four families: belugas and narwhals (monodontids), sperm whales (physeterids), dwarf whales and pygmy (kogiids), and half whales (ziphiids). There are six species, sometimes referred to as "blackfish", which dolphins often misunderstand as whales: killer whales, melon-headed whales, dwarf-killer whales, fake killer whales, and two species of pilot whales, all of which are classified below family Delphinidae (sea dolphins).
The differences between odontocetes families include size, adaptation and food distribution. The monodontid consists of two species: beluga and narwhal. They both are in the cold arctic and both have large amounts of fat. Duty, being white, hunting in large pods near the surface and around the ice, their colors act as camouflage. Narwhals, being black, hunt in large pods in the pharmacy zone, but their stomachs are still white to stay disguised when something is looking directly up or down on them. They do not have dorsal fins to prevent collisions with ice packs. Physeterids and Kogiids are made up of sperm whales. Sperm whales consist of the largest and smallest odontocetes, and spend most of the squid hunting their lives. P. macrocephalus spent most of his life searching for squid at depth; these animals do not require any level of light at all, in fact, tuna sprite whales caught in perfect health. The behavior of Kogiids remains largely unknown, but, because of their small lungs, they are considered hunting in the photographic zone. Ziphiids consists of 22 species of beaked whales. These vary from size, to color, to distribution, but they all share the same hunting style. They use the straw technique, assisted by a pair of grooves on the bottom of their head, unlike the rhinocal folds of the rorqual, to feed.
Evolution
Whales are descendants of mammals that live on land from the meaning of idiodactyl (ending ungulates). They are associated with Indohyus , an extinct chevrotain-like fungi, from which they split up about 48 million years ago. Primitive cetaceans, or archaeocetes, first took to sea about 49 million years ago and became fully waters 5-10 million years later. What defines archaeocete is an exclusive anatomical feature for cetaceans, in addition to other primitive features not found in modern cetaceans, such as visible legs or asymmetric teeth. Their features become tailored for living in a marine environment. Major anatomic changes include the setting of their hearing which transmits vibrations from the jaw to ear bone ( Ambulocetus 49 mya), lean body and worm growth on the tail ( Protocetus 43 mya), migrating nostrils to the top of the skull (blowhole), and modification of the forelimbs into fins ( Basilosaurus 35 mya), and shrinkage and ultimately loss of the limbs of the limbs (odontocetes first and mystique 34 mya).
The morphology of whales shows a number of examples of convergent evolution, most obviously simplified fish-like body forms. Other examples include the use of echolocation for hunting in low light conditions - which is the same hearing adaptation used by bats - and, in rorqual whales, jaw adaptations, similar to those found in pelicans, which allow feeding to swallow.
Today, the closest relatives of cetaceans are hippos; it shares a semi-aquatic ancestor that branches off other artiodactyls about 60 mya. About 40 mya, the same ancestor between them branched into cetaceans and anthracotheres; almost all anthracotheres became extinct at the end of their 2.5 m Pleistocene, leaving only a living line - the hippo.
The whale is divided into two separate parvorders around 34 myaÃ, - baleen whales (Mysticetes) and toothed whales (Odontocetes).
Biology
Anatomy
The whale has a torpedo-shaped body with an inflexible neck, limbs transformed into fins, no external earcover, large tail fin, and flat head (with the exception of monodontids and ziphiids). The whale's skull has a small orbital eye, a long snout (with the exception of monodontids and ziphiids) and eyes placed on the side of its head. Whales have ranges of sperm whales measuring 2.6 meters (85 feet) and 135 kilograms (298 pounds) to a blue whale 34 meters (112 feet) and 190 metric tons (210 tons). Overall, they tend to dwarf other cetartiodactyls; Blue whales are the greatest creatures on earth. Some species have female-biased sexual dimorphism, with females larger than males. One exception is with sperm whales, which have larger males than females.
Odontocetes, like sperm whales, have teeth with cementum cells above the dentin cells. Unlike human teeth, which consist mostly of enamel on the tooth outside of the gums, the whale's teeth have a cementum outside the gums. Only on the larger whales, where the cement is worn on the tip of the tooth, indicates enamel. Mysticetes has a large whalebone, not a tooth, made of keratin. Mysticetes has two bladder holes, whereas Odontocetes contains only one.
Breathing involves ejecting the musty air from the blowhole, forming a spout upward, steamy, followed by breathing fresh air into the lungs; humpback whales can accommodate about 5,000 liters of air. The spout shape differs among species, which facilitates identification.
The heart of the whale weighs about 180-200 kg. It is 640 times larger than the human heart. The heart of the blue whale is the largest of any animal, and the artery walls in the heart have been described as "as thick as the iPhone 6 Plus long".
All whales have a thick layer of fat. In species that live near the poles, the fat can be as thick as 11 inches. These fats can help with buoyancy (which helps to whale 100 tons), protection to a certain extent because predators will have trouble passing through thick fat layers, and energy to fast when migrating to the equator; the main use for fat is isolation from harsh climates. It can form as much as 50% of the whale's weight. Calves are born only with a thin layer of fat, but some species offset this with thick lanugos.
The pope has a two to three cubicle that is similar in structure to terrestrial carnivores. Mysticetes contains proventricular as an esophageal extension; It contains rocks that grind food. They also have funda and pilorik spaces.
Locomotion
The whale has two fins on the front, and a tail fin. This fins contain four digits. Although the whales do not have full fledged back legs, some, such as sperm whales and whales, have separate base suites, which may contain legs and digits. The whales are fast swimmers compared to seals, which usually sail at 5-15 kn, or 9-28 kilometers per hour (5.6 to 17.4 mph); Fin whales, in comparison, can travel at speeds of up to 47 kilometers per hour (29 mph) and sperm whales can reach speeds of 35 kilometers per hour (22 mph). The fusing of the neck vertebrae, while improving stability when swimming at high speeds, reduces flexibility; whales can not turn their heads. When swimming, the whales rely on their tail fin, pushing them through the water. Flipper movement continuously. Whales swim by moving the tail fin and lower themselves up and down, pushing themselves through vertical movement, while their fins are primarily used for steering. Some species come out of the water, allowing them to travel faster. Their bone anatomy allows them to become swimmers quickly. Most species have dorsal fins.
The whale is adapted to dive into a deep depth. In addition to their slender bodies, they can slow down their heartbeats to conserve oxygen; blood is drained from water-tolerant tissues to the heart and brain among other organs; hemoglobin and myoglobin store oxygen in body tissues; and they have twice the concentration of myoglobin rather than hemoglobin. Before long dives, many whales exhibit a behavior known as audible; they stay close to the surface for a series of short, shallow dives while building up their oxygen reserves, and then doing a healthy dive.
Sense
The whales have special adaptations to the marine environment. In humans, the middle ear serves as an impedance counterweight between the low impedance of the outside air and the high impedance of the cochlear fluid. In whales, and other marine mammals, there is no major difference between the outer and inner environment. Instead of sound passing through the outer ear to the middle ear, the whale receives a sound through the throat, from which it passes through a cavity containing low fat impedance to the inner ear. Acoustic whales are isolated from the skull by air-containing sinus pockets, allowing greater hearing underwater. Odontocetes sends a high frequency click from an organ known as a melon. This melon consists of fat, and the skull of a creature containing melons will have a great depression. The size of the melons varies between species, the larger the more dependent they are. A half whale for example has a small bulge on its skull, while a sperm whale head is filled primarily with a melon.
The whale's eye is relatively small for its size, but they maintain a good level of vision. As well as this, the whale's eyes are placed on the side of its head, so their vision consists of two fields, rather than binocular views like humans. When the surface is laid, their lens and cornea fix the nearsightedness that results from refraction of light; they contain stem cells and cones, which means they can see in both dim and bright light, but they have far more stem cells than they do cone cells. However, the whales do not have sensitive wavelength visual pigments in their cone cells that show limited color vision capacity than most mammals. Most whales have slightly flat eyeballs, enlarged pupils (which shrink as they appear to prevent damage), a slightly flat cornea and a tapetum lucidum; This adaptation allows a large amount of light to pass through the eye and, therefore, a very clear picture of the surrounding area. They also have glands in the eyelids and the outer layers of the cornea that act as a protector for the cornea.
The olfactory lobe is absent in toothed whales, indicating that they have no sense of smell. Some whales, like the bowhead whales, have vomeronasal organs, which means they can "sniff" the krill.
Whales are not considered to have good sense of taste, because their tongues have atrophy or disappear altogether. However, some toothed whales have a preference between different types of fish, which indicate a kind of attachment to taste. The presence of Jacobson's organs shows that whales can smell food once inside their mouth, which may be similar to taste sensations.
Communications
Whale vocalizations are likely to serve multiple purposes. Some species, such as humpback whales, communicate using melodic sounds, known as whale songs. These sounds may be very loud, depending on the species. Humpback whales are only heard making clicks, while toothed whales use sonar that can produce sounds of up to 20,000 watts (73 dBm or 43 dBw) and be heard for miles.
Captive whales are sometimes known to imitate human speech. Scientists have suggested this shows a strong desire on behalf of the pope to communicate with humans, because the whales have very different vocal mechanisms, so imitating human speech may require great effort.
Whales emit two different types of acoustic signals, called whistles and clicks: Clicks are fast broadband bursts, used for sonar, although some low-frequency broadband vocalizations can serve non-echolocative purposes such as communication; for example, a pulsating beluga call. The pulse on the click train is transmitted at ~ 35-50 millisecond intervals, and in general the inter-click interval is slightly larger than the back and forth time to the target. Whistles are narrow-band (narrow-band) frequency modulation signals, used for communicative purposes, such as contact calls.
Intelligence
The Pope is known to teach, learn, cooperate, scheme, and mourn. The neocortex of many species of whales is home to long spindle neurons, before 2007, known only in hominids. In humans, these cells engage in social behavior, emotions, judgments, and theories of the mind. Whale spindle neurons are found in areas of the homologous brain where they are found in humans, indicating that they perform the same functions.
Brain size was previously considered the primary indicator of an animal's intelligence. Since most of the brain is used to maintain body function, a greater ratio of brain to body mass can increase the amount of brain mass available for more complex cognitive tasks. Allometric analysis shows that the mammalian brain size scale is about 2/3 or Ã,¾ the exponent of body mass. Comparison of specific animal brain size with expected brain size based on the allometric analysis gives results for encephalization that can be used as another indication of animal intelligence. Sperm whales have the largest brain mass of any animal on earth, averaging 8,000 cubic centimeters (490 in 3 ) and 7.8 kilograms (17 pounds) in adult men, compared with the average brain humans averaging 1,450 cubic centimeters (88Ã, in 3 ) in adult men. The brain's body mass ratio in some odontocetes, such as beluga and narwhals, is second only to humans.
Little whales are known to be involved in complex play behavior, which includes such things as producing stable water-core toroidal water vortex rings or "bubble circles". There are two main methods of production of bubble rings: rapid bursts of air into the water and allow it to rise to the surface, to form a ring, or to swim repeatedly in a circle and then stop to inject air into the current of the helical vortex. thus formed. They also seem to enjoy bite the vortex ring, so they burst into many separate bubbles and then rise rapidly to the surface. Some believe this is a means of communication. Whales are also known to produce bubble-net for feeding purposes.
Larger whales are also thought of, to some extent, to engage in the game. The southern right whales, for example, lift their tails over the water, which stays in the same position for quite a long time. This is known as "sailing". It seems to be a form of game and most often seen off the coast of Argentina and South Africa. Humpback whales, among others, are also known to display this behavior.
Life cycle
The pope is a fully water creature, meaning that the behavior of birth and courtship is very different from the semi-aquatic and terrestrial beings. Since they can not go ashore to give birth, they deliver babies with the fetus positioned for the first tail delivery. This prevents the baby from drowning either during or during labor. To feed, a newborn whale, to be aquatic, must spray milk into the calf's mouth. Being a mammal, they have a milk gland that is used to feed the baby; they were weaned at about 11 months of age. This milk contains a lot of fat that is intended to accelerate the development of fat; contains so much fat that has the consistency of toothpaste. Females give one calf with a pregnancy lasting about a year, dependence of up to one to two years, and maturity of about seven to ten years, all varying between species. This reproductive mode produces fewer offspring, but increases the probability of individual survival. Females, referred to as "cows," bear the responsibility of parenting as men, referred to as "bulls", have no role in breeding.
Most mystics live at the poles. So, to prevent unborn babies from dying from frostbite, they migrate to the birth/marriage site. They will then stay there for several months until the calves have developed enough fat to survive at the bitter temperatures of the poles. Until then, the calves will eat milk fat mother. With the exception of humpback whales, it is largely unknown when whales migrate. Most will travel from the Arctic or Antarctic to the tropics to mate, lay eggs, and breed during winter and spring; they will migrate back to the poles in warmer summers so the calves can continue to grow while their mothers can continue to eat, as they fast in the breeding grounds. One exception to this is the southern right whale, which migrates to Patagonia and western New Zealand for childbirth; both are outside the tropics.
Sleep
Unlike most animals, whales are breathers who are conscious. All mammals sleep, but the whales are not able to faint as long as they may drown. While knowledge of sleep in wild cetaceans is limited, mammals toothed in captivity have been recorded to sleep with one side of their brain at a time, so they can swim, breathe consciously, and avoid both predators and social contact during their rest periods..
A 2008 study found that sleeping sperm whales are in a vertical position just below the surface in passive shallow drift-dives, generally during the day, where the whales do not respond to ships passing unless they are in contact, leading to suggestions that the whales may sleeping during such dives.
Ecology
Search for feeding and predation
All whales are carnivores and predators. Odontocetes, as a whole, mostly ate fish and cephalopods, and then followed by crustaceans and bivalves. All species are generalist and opportunistic feeders. Mysticetes, in general, mostly feed on krill and plankton, followed by crustaceans and other invertebrates. Some are specialists. Examples include blue whales, who eat almost exclusively krill, minke whales, which eat mainly school fish, sperm whales, specializing in squid, and gray whales that eat invertebrates that live below. The "tooth" of an elaborate filter-feeding species, mystic, allows them to remove water before they ingest their planktonic food by using the teeth as a sieve. Usually whales hide in secret, but they sometimes hunt cooperatively in small groups. The first behavior is typical when hunting for out-of-school fish, slow-moving or immobile invertebrates or endothermic prey. When large numbers of prey are available, certain mystical whales hunt cooperatively in small groups. Some cetaceans may be feeding with other types of animals, such as other whale species or certain pinniped species.
Large whales, such as mystics, are usually not subject to predation, but smaller whales, such as monodontids or aphids, are. This species is preyed on by killer whales or orca. To subjugate and kill whales, orcas constantly trap them with their heads; this can sometimes kill a bowhead whale, or severely injure them. Next time they go around narwhal or whale before attacking. They are usually hunted by groups of 10 or fewer orcas, but they are rarely attacked by an individual. Calves are more often taken by orcas, but adults can also be targeted.
This small whale is also targeted by land and pagophilic predators. Polar bears adapt well to whale hunting and Arctic whales. Bears are known to use sit-in tactics and wait as well as active stalking and chasing prey on ice or water. The pope reduced the possibility of predation by gathering in groups. But this means less space around the breathing hole as the ice slowly closes the gap. When in the ocean, whales diving out of the orcas hunting surface. Polar bears attack the beluga and narwhals usually work in the winter, but rarely cause damage in the summer.
Whale pump
A 2010 study considers the whales as a positive influence on marine fisheries productivity, in what is called a "whale pump". Whales carry nutrients like nitrogen from the depths back to the surface. It serves as an upward biological pump, reversing a previous notion that whales accelerate the loss of nutrients to the bottom. The nitrogen input in the Gulf of Maine is "more than input from all the combined streams" emptying into the bay, about 23,000 metric tons (25,000 short tons) every year. Whales defecate at sea level; Their impurities are important for fisheries because they are rich in iron and nitrogen. Whale faeces are liquid rather than drowned, they remain on the surface where the phytoplankton feed on them.
The whale falls
After death, whale carcasses fall into the deep sea and provide a substantial habitat for marine life. Current papal evidence falls and the fossil record shows that deepwater whales support a rich collection of creatures, with a global diversity of 407 species, comparable to other nerritic biodiversity hotspots, such as cold seepage and hydrothermal vents.
Whale damage occurs through a series of three stages. Initially, moving organisms such as sharks and hagfish, scavenged soft tissue at high speed for several months, and for two years. This is followed by bone colonization and surrounding sediments (containing organic matter) by enrichment opportunists, such as crustaceans and polychaetes, for several years. Finally, sulfophilic bacteria reduce bone release of hydrogen sulfide allows the growth of chemoautotrophic organisms, which in turn, supports other organisms such as shell, shell, limpet, and sea slugs. This stage can last for decades and support a rich collection of species, an average of 185 species per site.
Interaction with humans
Whaling
Whale hunting by humans has existed since the Stone Age. Ancient whalers use spears to spear larger animals from boats in the sea. People from Norway and Japan started hunting whales around 2000 BC. Whales are usually hunted for their meat and fat by aboriginal groups; they use baleen for baskets or roofs, and make tools and masks from bone. The Inuit hunts whales in the Arctic Ocean. The Basque started whaling since the early 11th century, sailing as far as Newfoundland in the 16th century to find the right whale. Whale and nineteenth-century whaling primarily for their oil, used as fuel for lamps and lubricants, balin or whalebones, used for items such as corsets and skirts, and ambergris, which are used as fixative for perfume. The most successful whaling countries today are the Netherlands, Japan, and the United States.
Commercial fishing is historically important as a good industry throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Whaling at that time was a fairly large European industry with ships from England, France, Spain, Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany, sometimes collaborating for hunting whales in the Arctic, sometimes in rivalries that lead even to war. In the early 1790s, whalers, America and Australia, focused their efforts in the South Pacific where they mainly hunted the right whale and whale, with up to 39,000 whales right by Americans alone. In 1853, US profits reached US $ 11,000,000 (UK Â £ 6.5 million), equivalent to US $ 348 million (UK Â £ 230 million) today, the most profitable year for the American whaling industry. Commonly exploited species include North Atlantic whales, sperm whales, mainly hunted by Americans, bowhead whales, mainly hunted by the Dutch, common minke whales, blue whales, and gray whales. The scale of whale harvest decreased substantially after 1982 when the International Whaling Commission (IWC) placed a moratorium setting the capture limit for each country, excluding indigenous groups until 2004.
Current whaling nations are Norway, Iceland and Japan, although they join the IWC, as well as indigenous communities of Siberia, Alaska and northern Canada. Subsistence hunters usually use whale products for themselves and depend on them to survive. National and international authorities have given special treatment to Aboriginal hunters because their hunting methods are seen as less destructive and wasteful. This difference is questionable because these indigenous groups use more modern weapons and mechanical transport to hunt, and sell whale products in the market. Some anthropologists argue that the term "subsistence" should also be applied to these cash-based exchanges as long as they take place in local production and consumption. In 1946, the IWC put the moratorium, limiting the annual whaling capture. Since then, the annual profit for these "subsistence" hunters is approaching US $ 31 million (UK Â £ 20 million) per year.
Other threats
Whales can also be threatened by humans indirectly. They were accidentally caught in the fishing nets by commercial fisheries as bycatch and accidentally swallowed a hook. Gillnetting and Seine netting are significant causes of death in whales and other marine mammals. Commonly entangled species include half whales. Whales are also affected by marine pollution. High levels of organic chemicals accumulate in these animals because they are high in the food chain. They have large fat reserves, more for toothed whales because they are taller than food chains rather than baleen whales. Breastfeeding mothers can continue toxic to their child. These pollutants can cause gastrointestinal cancers and greater susceptibility to infectious diseases. They can also be poisoned by swallowing garbage, like a plastic bag. Sophisticated military sonar destroys whales. Sonar disrupts the basic biological functions of whales - such as feeding and mating - by influencing their ability to do ecolocation. Whales swim in response to sonar and occasionally experience decompression due to rapid depth changes. The stranded mass is triggered by sonar activity, resulting in injury or death.
Preservation
Whaling decreased substantially after 1946 when, in response to the sharp decline of the popes population, the International Whaling Commission placed a moratorium setting a catchment limit for each country; these aboriginal groups were excluded until 2004. In 2015, aboriginal communities were allowed to bring 280 bowheads from Alaska and two from the west coast of Greenland, 620 gray whales from Washington state, three common minke whales off the east coast of Greenland and 178 on their west coast, 10 fin whales from the west coast of Greenland, nine humpbacks from the west coast of Greenland and 20 tails from St. Vincent and Grenadine every year. Some commercially exploited species have increased in number; for example, gray whales may be as large as before harvest, but the North Atlantic population is functionally extinct. By contrast, the North Atlantic whale has become extinct from most of its former cruise, which stretches across the North Atlantic, and remains only in small fragments along the coast of Canada, Greenland, and is considered functionally extinct along the European coastline.
The IWC has established two whale shelters: the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary, and the Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary. The Southern Ocean whale reserve stretches 30,560,860 square kilometers (11,799,610 square meters) and encloses Antarctica. Whale whale sanctuary takes all the south Indian Ocean 55 Â ° S. IWC is a voluntary organization, without agreement. Every nation can go as they wish; IWC can not enforce the law it makes.
In 2013, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recognizes 86 species of cetaceans, 40 of which are considered whales. Six are considered risky, because they are included in the Critically Endangered (North Atlantic Whales), "Endangered" (blue whales, fin whales, right North Pacific whales, and sei whales), and "Vulnerable" (sperm whales). Twenty-one species have a "Data Deficit" rating. Species that live in the polar habitat are vulnerable to recent and ongoing climate change impacts, especially when ice packs are formed and melted.
Watching whales
An estimated 13 million people went whale watching globally in 2008, in all oceans except the Arctic. Rules and codes of conduct have been made to minimize whale harassment. Iceland, Japan and Norway have whale and whale fishing industries. Lobbyists observing whales are concerned that the most inquisitive whale, who approaches the boat closely and provides much entertainment on the whale watching trip, will be the first to be taken if whaling is continued in the same area. Whale observations generate US $ 2.1 billion (UK $ 1.4 billion) annually in tourism revenue worldwide, employing around 13,000 workers. In contrast, the whaling industry, with its on-site moratorium, generates US $ 31 million (UK Â £ 20 million) per year. The rapid size and growth of industry has led to a complex and ongoing debate with the whaling industry on the best use of whales as a natural resource. In myth, literature, and art
As a sea creature in the depths or poles, humans know little about whales during the course of history; many fear or adore him. The Nords and various ethnic tribes honor the pope because they are an important part of their lives. In the myth of the creation of the Inuit, when the 'Big Raven', a god in human form, finds a stranded whale, he is told by the Great Spirit where to find a special mushroom that will give him the power to drag the whale back into the sea and thus, return the order to the world. In the Icelandic legend, a man throws rocks at the fin whale and hits the blowhole, causing the whale to explode. The man was told not to go overboard for twenty years, but during the nineteenth year he went fishing and a whale came and killed him.
The Pope played a major role in shaping the art form of many coastal civilizations, such as the Norse, with multiple dates with the Stone Age. Petroglyphs from the cliffs of Bangudae, South Korea show 300 depictions of various animals, one-third are whales. Some show certain details where there is a throat crease, typical of the rorquals. These petroglyphs show these people, about 7,000 to 3,500 B.C.E. in South Korea, has a very high dependence on whales.
The Pacific and Australian Aboriginal Islands view the pope as a carrier of kindness and happiness. One exception is French Polynesia, where, in many parts, cetaceans meet with great brutality.
In Vietnam and Ghana, among other places, the pope keeps a sense of divinity. They are so well respected in their culture that they occasionally hold funerals for beach-fenced whales, a retreat for the Austro-Asiatic-based marine culture of ancient Vietnam. The god of the sea, according to Chinese folklore, is a large whale with human limbs.
The Pope also plays a role in sacred texts such as the Bible. It mentions the pope in Genesis 1:21, Job 7:12, and Ezekiel 32: 2. "Leviathan" described in detail in Job 41: 1-34 is generally understood to refer to the pope. The "sea monster" in Lamentations 4: 3 has been taken by some to refer to marine mammals, especially whales, although most modern versions use the word "wolf" instead. The story of Jonah who was swallowed up by a great fish is told both in the Qur'an and in the Bible. The medieval statue of capital depicting this was made in the 12th century at the monastery monastery in Mozac, France. The Old Testament contains the Book of Jonah and in the New Testament, Jesus mentions this story in Matthew 12:40.
In 1585, Alessandro Farnese, 1585, and Francois, Duke of Anjou, 1582, were greeted at the ceremonial entrance to the port city of Antwerp by a buoy including "Neptune and the Pope", showing at least the city's dependence on the sea due to wealth.
In 1896, an article in The Pall Mall Gazette popularized alternative medical practices that might have started in the whaling town of Eden, Australia two or three years earlier. It is believed that climbing inside the whale carcass and staying there for several hours will relieve the symptoms of rheumatism.
The Pope continues to be prevalent in modern literature. For example, Herman Melville Moby Dick features a "large white whale" as the main antagonist for Ahab, who was eventually killed by him. The whale is an albino sperm whale, regarded by Melville as the largest type of whale, and partly based on historically cultivated bull whales, Mocha Dick. Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories contains the story "How the Pope Entered his Throat". The Niki Caro Movie The Pope Rider has a girl M? Ori who rode a whale on his way to be a suitable heir to the chief. The Walt Disney Pinocchio film features a giant whale named Monstro as the last antagonist. Alan Hovhaness' orchestra And God Creates Great Whales includes recording of humpback and bowhead voices. The song LÃÆ' Â © o FerrÃÆ' Â © "Il n'y a plus rien" is a biomusic example that begins and ends with recorded whale songs mixed with a symphony orchestra and his voice.
In captivity
Duty is the first whale kept in captivity. Other species are too rare, too shy, or too big. Beluga was first shown at Barnum's Museum in New York City in 1861. For much of the 20th century, Canada was a major source of wild beluga fish. They are taken from the estuary of St. Lawrence until the late 1960s, after which they were largely taken from the mouth of the Churchill River until the arrest was banned in 1992. Russia has been the largest provider since it was banned in Canada. Duty is captured in the delta of the Amur River and their east coast, and then transported domestically to an aquarium or dolphinarium in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Sochi, or exported to other countries, such as Canada. Most beluga whales are caught in the wild, because the breeding program is not very successful.
In 2006, 30 belugas were in Canada and 28 in the United States, and 42 deaths in captivity had been reported up to that time. One specimen can be reported to reach up to $ 100,000 (UK £ 64,160) in the market. The popularity of beluga is due to its unique color and facial expression. The latter is possible because while most of the "smiles" of cetaceans are fixed, the extra movement provided by the beluga cervical spine is unavailable allowing for a clearer range of expression.
Between 1960 and 1992, the Navy undertook a program that included studies of the ability of marine mammals with sonar, with the aim of improving the detection of undersea objects. A large number of whales were used since 1975, the first being dolphins. The program also includes training them to bring equipment and materials to underwater divers by holding cameras in their mouths to locate missing objects, survey vessels and submarines, and underwater monitoring. A similar program was used by the Russian Navy during the Cold War, where Beluga were also trained for antimining operations in the Arctic.
The aquarium has tried to accommodate other whale species in captivity. The success of the beluga distracts attention to keep their relatives, narwhal, in captivity. However, in repeated attempts in the 1960s and 1970s, all the narwhals that were kept in captivity died within a few months. A pair of dwarf right whales are kept in a closed area (with a net); they were finally released in South Africa. There was an attempt to keep the damp whale child in Sowerby's lap; the calf struck the tank wall, breaking the pulpit, resulting in death. It is estimated that Sowerby's beaked whales evolved to swim fast in a straight line, and the 30-meter (98 feet) tank is not large enough. There is an effort to keep the baleen whales in captivity. There are three attempts to keep the gray whale in captivity. Teeth are the whales of gray whales that die in transport. Gigi II is another gray whale kid who was captured in Laguna Ojo de Liebre, and transported to SeaWorld. The 680-kilogram (1,500-pound) calf is a popular attraction, and behaves normally, despite being separated from its mother. A year later, a whale of 8,000 kilograms (18,000 pounds) grew too big to remain in captivity and released; it is the first of two gray whales, the other is another gray whale boy named JJ, to be successfully kept in captivity. There are three attempts to keep minke whales in captivity in Japan. They are kept in a tidal pond with a sea gate at Izu Mito Sea Paradise. Other attempts unsuccessful by the US. One tethered tethered whale was kept in captivity for rehabilitation, but died a few days later.
References
Bibliography
Books
Further reading
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O'Connell, M.; Berrow, S. (2015). "Records from Irish Whales and Dolphins for 2013". Irish Naturalist Journal . 34 (2): 154-161. - Ã, "Pope". New International Encyclopedia . 1905.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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