Oswald the Lucky Rabbit (also known as Oswald the Rabbit or Oswald Rabbit ) is an anthropomorphic rabbit and animated cartoon character created by Ub Iwerks and Walt Disney for the funny animal movie that was distributed by Universal Studios in the 1920s and 1930s, acted as Disney's first animated character to be featured in their own series. 27 Oswald one-reelers animation was produced at Walt Disney Animation Studios (Walt Disney Studio at the time). In 1928, Charles Mintz took Oswald's rights from Walt Disney and claimed Oswald as the official character of Universal Studios. In November 1928, in lieu of competing with Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Ub Iwerks created Mickey Mouse for Walt Disney Studio.
In 2003, Buena Vista Games touted the concept for Oswald-themed video games to Disney President and COO Bob Iger, who later committed to bring Oswald back to Disney. In 2006, nearly 80 years after the Disney studios broke away from Universal, The Walt Disney Company successfully acquired Oswald's intellectual property and the Disney film Oswald's film catalog (with NBCUniversal effectively trading Oswald for Al Michaels services as a game-on-play reader on NBC Sunday Night Football).
Oswald again became famous in the 2010 Disney video game, Epic Mickey . The plot metafiction of this game is parallel to Oswald's real-world history, dealing with the feelings of characters left by Disney, and envy of Mickey Mouse. She has appeared in Disney theme parks and comic books, as well as two advanced games, Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two and Epic Mickey: The Power of Illusion . Oswald made his first feature film debut through his cameo appearance in the 2013 short animation Get a Horse! . She is the subject of the feature film 2015 Walt Before Mickey . Oswald also appears as a city dweller at Disney Infinity 2.0 .
Video Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Characteristics
During his days under Disney, Oswald was one of the first cartoon characters to have personality. As Walt himself puts it: "Next we will aim to [make] Oswald a younger, fresher, cautious, cute and brave character, keeping him tidy and slim." With Oswald, Disney began exploring the concept of "personality animation", in which cartoon characters are defined as individuals through movement, behavior and acting, not just through their designs. Around this period, Disney has stated, "I want the character to be someone, I do not want them to just be pictures." Not only jokes are used, but his humor is different in terms of what he uses to make people laugh. He presents his physical humor, uses the situation to his advantage, presents situational humor in the common comedy and best frustration is shown in The Mechanical Cow cartoon. He will utilize limbs to solve problems and even use his own limbs as props and jokes. He can be narrowed as if made of rubber and can turn anything into a tool. Her different personality was inspired by Douglas Fairbanks because of her brave and adventurous attitude as seen in the short Oh Oh, What a Knight cartoon.
In connection with Oswald's personality, the Disney historian David Gerstein highlights the striking differences between Mickey and Oswald as follows:
In order for his Oswald cartoon to be "real", Disney turned from Felix the Cat, Koko the Clown, Krazy Kat, and began to imitate the camera's point of view, the effects and editing of live-action movies. To learn how to base jokes on personalities and how to build comic routines, rather than stacking one joke after another, he studied Laurel and Hardy, Harold Lloyd, Charlie Chaplin, and Buster Keaton. To generate emotion in the audience, Disney studied and examined the effects of shadow, cross-sector and action staging in a film featuring Douglas Fairbanks and Lon Chaney.
Walt Disney did not want Oswald to be just "an animated rabbit character and displayed in the same light as a common cat character", and just as a stake for jokes. Instead, the intention was "to make Oswald specifically and typically OSWALD."
Maps Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
History
Creation under Disney
In 1927, due to cost and technical restrictions, Disney and main animator Ub Iwerks decided to end their work in the Alice Comedies series to find new creative opportunities. Coincidentally, Universal Studios wants to get into the cartoon business and needs its own cartoon character. So Disney distributor Charles Mintz told Disney and Iwerks to create new characters that they could sell to Universal. Wanting to make a cartoon with an animated look, Disney signed a contract with Universal Studios that led to the creation of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit and Universal's first cartoon series. Work on characters and series starts as soon as Disney moves his studio to Hyperion Avenue.
Disney chose to make rabbit characters because there were so many animated cats (Felix the Cat, Krazy Kat) at the time. Universal was given the right to name the rabbit and it chose the name of the hat.
The first Oswald cartoon,
The success of the Oswald series allowed Walt Disney Studio to grow to a staff of nearly twenty. Walt's weekly salary of the series is $ 100 while Roy Disney is $ 65. Disney's brothers earn $ 500 per short Oswald and split the year-end profit, with Walt receiving 60 percent ($ 5,361), and Roy receiving 40 percent ($ 3,574).
With earnings earned from the Oswald series, Walt and Roy bought ten acres of land in the desert. They also invested in oil drilling business. Iwerks also invested his income in several stone factories to destroy the paint pigments he used to create the paint formulas used by animators for decades.
As time passes, Disney is worried that Mintz will forget the contract extension, partly because Iwerks told Disney that George Winkler, on Mintz's orders, has gone behind Disney's back during a pickup trip to Oswald's roll and hires his animator.. Finally, Walt went with his wife, Lilly to New York to shop for a series of other distributors, including Fox and MGM, before a meeting with Mintz. As Walt recalled, he placed two Oswald prints under one arm and - felt "like a hick" - marched "one and a half blocks north" on Broadway to MGM to visit Fred Quimby. During this period, Walt and Lillian attended the short Oswald premiere of Rival Romeos, who debuted at the Colony at 53 and Broadway.
In the spring of 1928, Disney traveled to New York City hoping to negotiate a more profitable contract with his producer Charles Mintz. But because economic problems were very clear at the time, Mintz estimated Disney should be satisfied with a 20 percent cut, even though major turnarounds were promised if studio finances showed substantial growth. While most of the animators went to Mintz studios, Disney decided to quit and therefore left the character he created. On the way home with a long train, he came up with the idea to create another character, and defend the right to it. He and Iwerks will continue to develop new cartoons in secret, starring in a new character that will soon become the most successful and popular cartoon character in film history and then become the basis of the global entertainment empire. The first Mickey Mouse cartoon to be filmed was the Crazy Planet in the summer of 1928, but it was produced as silent and refrained from liberation. The first Mickey Mouse movie with a synchronized soundtrack, Steamboat Willie , reached the falling screen and became a big hit, beating Oswald. The Crazy Aircraft was later given its own synchronized soundtrack and released on May 15, 1928.
Universal takes direct control
Mintz, meanwhile, opened his own studio consisting mainly of former Disney employees, where he continued to produce the Oswald cartoons, among them the first Oswald with the voice, Hen Fruit (1929). While everything benefits Mintz, animators Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising ask Universal head Carl Laemmle to remove Mintz, which suggests they will be the ones who continue the Oswald series. But Laemmle rejected their request and even terminated Mintz's contract, opting to make the Oswald cartoons produced right on the Universal lot instead.
Coincidentally, Disney and Mintz each produced nine cartoons the first year and the next 17 years, before Oswald was taken over by another. Laemmle chose Walter Lantz to produce the new Oswald series (the first being 1929 Race Riot ). Lantz consults with Disney about Oswald and he gives Lantz his blessing to continue the Oswald series when Mickey Mouse shorts become more successful, so the two become close friends.
Over the next decade, Lantz produced 142 Oswald cartoons, making a total of all 194 starred films, covering the work of the three producers. After Lantz took over production in 1929, the character's appearance was changed to a certain level during the following years: Oswald got white gloves on his hands, shoes on his feet, shirts, "cute" faces with bigger eyes, bigger heads, and shorter ears (right picture). By the Lost Cases of the Lost Cases, an even bigger change took place: the characters were depicted more clearly now, with white rather than black feathers, detachable shoes, plus wearing suspenders instead of shirts and shorts. The new Oswald model was adapted directly from non-Oswald characters in another Lantz cartoon: Cinecolor "Fox and the Rabbit" (1935), released about two months earlier as the initial series of the Cartune Classic Series. The redesign is done by Manuel Moreno.
The cartoons that contained the new and white-haired Oswald seemed to differ from their predecessors in more than one way, because the stories themselves became softer. Small changes in image style will continue as well. With Happy Scout (1938), the second produced Oswald film, rabbit fur changed from white to white and gray combination.
Unlike Disney shorts, in which Oswald does not speak, Lantz cartoons begin to display the actual dialogue for Oswald, although most of the cartoons are still silent to begin. Animator Bill Nolan did Oswald's voice in Cold Turkey, the first Lantz cartoon with dialogue, and the following year Pinto Colvig, who worked as animator and gag man in the studio, began to voice Oswald. When Colvig left the studio in 1931, Mickey Rooney took over Oswald's voice until the beginning of the following year. Beginning in 1932, Lantz stopped using the usual voice actors for Oswald, and many members of the studio staff (including Lantz himself) would alternately voiced characters over the years. June Foray cast Oswald's voice at The Egg Cracker Suite , which is the shortest last theater to feature characters. He then voiced it again for the radio pilot, Sally in Hollywoodland (1947).
Oswald made a cameo appearance in the first animated sequence with both sound and color (two-track Technicolor), a 2-minute animated sequence of the direct action movie The King of Jazz (1930), produced by Laemmle for Universal. However, it was not until 1934 that Oswald got his own color cartoon in a two-track Technicolor, Toyland Premiere and Springtime Serenade . Oswald's cartoons then returned to black and white, except for the last one, The Egg Cracker Suite (1943), released as part of the Swing Symphonies series. Egg Cracker is also the only Oswald cartoon that uses a three-track Technicolor. But before he retired permanently, Oswald made a cameo appearance in The Woody Woodpecker Polka (1951), also in a three-track Technicolor, which by then has become the norm in the cartoon industry. He also appeared in a 1952 theater ad for the Electric Autolite Company, with his voice provided by Dick Beals.
Careers on comics
Oswald made his first comic book appearance in 1935, when DC Comics featured it in the series of New Fun (later More Fun ). His adventure, drawn by Al Stahl, was serialized one page to one edition for the first year of the magazine, after which they stopped. Oswald's black-hairy version was shown, though Oswald was the white rabbit on the screen.
Oswald's second run in comics began in 1942, when the new Oswald feature began at Dell Comics' New Funnies , this time mimicking the latest Oswald cartoon version and influenced by Lantz's other drawing styles. comic book character at the time. Following the typical developments seen in most of the new comics, the stories of New Funnies slowly turn the characters in their own direction.
At the beginning of the New Funnies feature, Oswald is in a neighborhood reminiscent of Winnie the Pooh: he is portrayed as a live animal doll, living in the forest along with other anthropomorphized toys. These include Toby Bear, Maggie Lou, wooden puppets, Hi-Yah Wahoo, turtle-tipped Indians, and Woody Woodpecker - described as mechanical dolls full of nuts and bolts (hence his "crazy" behavior). In 1944, with additional author John Stanley, the animal motives were dropped, as did Maggie Lou, Woody, and Wahoo. Oswald and Toby become flesh and blood figures who live as roommates in "Lantzville". Originally drawn by Dan Gormley, the series was later drawn by men such as Dan Noonan and Lloyd White.
In 1948, Toby adopted two orphaned rabbits to be raised by Oswald. Floyd and Lloyd, the new boys "Poppa Oswald", stuck around; Toby was relegated to the sidelines, disappearing for good in 1953. The next story focuses on Oswald's adventuring with his sons, looking for odd jobs, or just protecting children from people like rabbits who eat Reddy Fox rabbits and (from 1961) fraud Gabby Gator - a character adapted from the contemporary Woody Woodpecker cartoon shorts. This Oswald comic era usually features the art of Jack Bradbury, also known for his Mickey Mouse.
After the 1960s, Oswald's comics tend to be produced outside the United States, for example in Mexico and Italy. Toward the end of the 20th century, foreign comics brought the look and story styles of Dell Oswald's stories. Recently, they performed a "retro" attempt to recreate the original Disney Oswald.
In 2010, Oswald starred in Epic Mickey's series of epic Mickey: Tales of the Wasteland, a prequel for the Epic Mickey video game, sharing what Wasteland was like before Mickey got there.
In 2011, Oswald starred in the Disney Disney comic strip "En magisk jul!", Written by David Gerstein and drawn by Mark Kausler. It is based on and occurs in the days of classic Oswald shorts from 1927-28. The story was later reprinted, such as "Just Like Magic!", In the Disney Disney Comic and Walt Disney Comic Stories # 726 (2015).
Return to Disney ownership: Al Michaels trading
In February 2006, Disney CEO Bob Iger started trading with NBC Universal where a number of small assets, including rights to Oswald, were acquired by The Walt Disney Company in exchange for sending Al Michaels sports announcers from Disney's ABC and ESPN to NBC Sports. At the time, ABC had lost its contract for NFL broadcasting rights, and although recently signed a long-term contract with ESPN, Michaels was interested in rejoining John Madden's broadcast partner at NBC for the Sunday night package. Universal transferred the copyright from the characters to Disney, and instead, Disney freed Michaels from his employment contract, allowing him to sign a contract with NBC.
The deal includes the rights to the characters and 26 original short films made by Disney (ie, most of the Oswald films produced from 1927-1928). The rights to Winkler and Lantz/Oswald Films Universal produced by Universal and other related products are excluded, and therefore Oswald appears in both Disney releases and in the Universal Woody Woodpecker and Friends collection. Iger was interested in the property because of the internal design document for the video game, which eventually became Epic Mickey . Walt Disney's daughter, Diane Disney Miller, issued the following statement after the deal was announced:
When Bob [Iger] was appointed CEO, he told me that he wanted to bring Oswald back to Disney, and I appreciated that he was the one who kept his promise. Having Oswald around again will be great fun.
Around the same time, the Chiefs of Kansas City and the New York Jets made similar deals, the Chiefs gave the Jets a draft pick as compensation to release coach Herm Edwards from his contract. Referring to this trade, Michaels said:
Oswald is definitely worth more than the fourth-round draft selection. I will be the answer of trivia someday.
In January 2007, a T-shirt from Comme des GarÃÆ'§ons appeared to be the first new Disney Oswald merchandise. After December is a two DVD disc set, The Adventures of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , included in Wave Seven from the Walt Disney Treasury DVD series. Several Oswald collector statues and a limited edition grayscale-scale toy appeared shortly after the DVD release. The Disney store also began introducing Oswald into its line of merchandise, starting with the canvas prints and Christmas ornaments that became available in Autumn 2007. The standard colors of a plush toy that fit Oswald's appearance at Epic Mickey appeared late at night. 2010. This was followed by the launch of clothing and other products at the Disney Store, chain stores, and Disney California Adventure parks, including the popular "Oswald Ears" hat (similar to the Mickey Mouse Club hat).
Using the Skuadk I sketch image in 2012, the archivist recreates the scene from the Oswald cartoon, Harem Scarem .
Hero video game
In 1995, Oswald had appeared on Frà Â| Frustradas do Pica-Pau, a Woody Woodpecker video game released for the Sega Master System in Brazil alone.
Oswald is one of the main characters in the Epic Mickey video game franchise. The Epic Mickey world is called "Wasteland" and is similar to Disneyland but to the forgotten Disney characters, including Oswald, who rules the place. Actually, Oswald formed it after Disneyland, but he puts a picture of himself at Mickey's place in the statue with Walt Disney and other places across town. Oswald is the first "forgotten" cartoon character and inhabit Wasteland. Oswald does not like Mickey for stealing his popularity that he thinks deserves. Oswald tries to make Wasteland a better place for forgotten characters, especially the "bunny kid" and his wife Ortensia.
The Blot, the main villain of the game, put Oswald's wife in a state of suspended animation by soaking it in thinner. At the end of Epic Mickey, Ortensia was revived by the paint rain caused by the death of Blot, Oswald and Ortensia kisses and hugs, and Mickey and Oswald have also reconciled as brothers. Oswald accidentally broke the cork that made the Blot in a large glass bottle known as Jug after learning that Mickey had accidentally damaged Wasteland. Oswald short cartoon Oh, What a Knight is also included as a cartoon that can be opened inside the game. Poor Papa Short recently discovered will be in the game, but can not because Junction Point does not have enough time to scan the short game before it's released.
Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two is a video game released on November 18, 2012. This is the second game in the Epic Mickey series and for the first time, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit is characters that can be played in the game. Mickey Mouse returns to the alternative world of cartoon desert, a place occupied by 80 years of forgotten Disney characters and Disney theme park attractions. Both teams went up, with Mickey holding a magical paint brush with paint power and paint thinner while Oswald held a powerful remote control that could command electricity.
Under Epic Mickey's Warren Spector game designer Warren Spector Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two follows the previous game mechanism and adds music elements. The characters of this game progress through the levels with original music and lyrics. Each character will have a particular song that they sing and based on the choices made throughout the game, the music will change. The musical score was created by Emmy's award-winning composer James Dooley and lyricist Mike Himelstein.
Unlike the previous game, Epic Mickey 2 featured a full-voiced scene with Frank Welker (Welker has also given Oswald vocal effects in the previous game) as the first Oswald voice actor at Disney Oswald Lucky Rabbit production (Bill Nolan was Oswald's first voice actor in 1929 when Walter Lantz produced the Oswald cartoons). Disney also introduced authentic Disney character sounds that provide direction from various characters to the players. The game contains new ideas from Disney and supports game mechanisms like PlayStation Move.
Merchandise
Shortly after the rabbit starred in a series of twenty-six animations silently black and white between 1927 and 1928, he became the first Disney character to successfully sell merchandise: chocolate-covered marshmallow candies, stencil sets, and button pins supported. However, Disney lost the right to Oswald shortly afterwards and the production of the goods was stopped. Shortly before Disney regained Oswald's rights, Universal began actively marketing characters abroad. Disney is slowly introducing it with merchandise such as the original shirts, statues and DVDs of the cartoons. In 2004 and 2005, shortly before the return of the characters to Disney and still in Universal's hands, Oswald's products became popular in Japan, and were primarily made available as prizes in UFO catchers and as official merchandise at Universal Studios Japan, where it was featured as part of Woody Woodpecker characters from character lines. Usually produced by Taito and/or Medicom, these products include dolls, inflatable dolls, key chains, and watches. They are generally based on a navy blue version with yellow shorts from the original Disney/Iwerks character, and due to Disney's popularity in Japan, it is marketed as a Walt Disney creations. Oswald made his first Disneyland appearance at Tokyo Disneyland on March 31, 2010 as an Easter buoy. In Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World, Oswald's posters can be seen at the Town Square Theater where Mickey Mouse is available to meet and greet. Also inside the Mickey meeting area, Oswald and Mickey's doodles can be seen. Clothing products are also available at Disneyland Paris at Walt Disney Studios Park. On October 4, 2017, Oswald now has a Service Station at Disney California Adventure that sells Oswald merchandise including Oswald ears, T-shirts, coats, mugs and key chains.
Theme park appearance
A character costumed Oswald appeared in gardens in Florida and California on the day Disney regained Oswald, but made no further appearances at the time.
In 2010, Tokyo Disneyland produced a buoy featuring Oswald for their first Easter holiday event.
In 2011, Oswald appeared with other old Disney characters on the Construction wall for the new entrance of Disney California Adventure Park.
In 2011, Oswald appeared on the poster as a wizard bunny at the Town Square Theater in the Magic Kingdom Park.
In 2011, Oswald appeared on various clothing items available for purchase at Disneyland Paris in stores in Main Street USA.
In 2012, California Disney's Adventure Park at Disneyland Resort reopened with a new entrance area named Buena Vista Street, a 1920s themed in Los Angeles. Oswald's Service Station is a 1920s gas station (souvenir shop) located on the north end of the street and shows Oswald prominently in its logo. Disney California Adventure also sells Oswald merchandise, while Disneyland Park next door offers exclusive Mickey Mouse merchandise.
In 2012, Oswald's ear cap appeared in the Emporium at Walt Disney World in Florida.
On May 28, 2014 Oswald can be seen at the exit of The Seven Dwarves boarding the Magic Kingdom, Orlando. He was carved in a tree by the exit.
On April 1, 2014, Oswald's costumed character just started to meet-and-greet at Tokyo DisneySea.
On September 14, 2014, Oswald began making appearances on Buena Vista Street at Disney California Adventure.
On October 4, 2017, Oswald now owns Service Station at Disney California Adventure and has been seen making appearances.
Movieography
Home media
- Some of Oswald's shorts were previously in the public domain, and thus have been available for several years in various low-quality video and DVD compilations.
- The professional restoration of Oswald Disney's surviving shorts, entitled Oswald Lucky Rabbit Adventure , appears as a two-disk volume in Walt Disney Treasures: Seven Waves, released 11 December 2007. The cartoons included Ozzie of the Mounted ,
Tall Timber , and a much longer version of Bright Lights , all newly rediscovered on at that time. - Six Walter Lantz Oswald cartoons, including Hells Heels and Toyland Premiere , have been included in The Woody Woodpecker and Friends Classic Cartoon Collection DVD.
- Five additional Lantz Oswald shorts, including Wax Works and Springtime Serenade, are included in The Woody Woodpecker and Friends Classic Cartoon Collection: Volume 2 > DVD.
- The full version of Oh, What a Knight is included as a cartoon that can be opened in Epic Mickey by collecting various movie rolls in the game.
- The restored version of Hungry Hoboes is included as part of the bonus feature in the Walt Disney Signature Collection edition of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on Blu-rays. Although shorts are not included on the disk itself, the digital code is included with Blu-ray so the short can be "opened" for viewing.
Reception
During the 1920s, Oswald's shorts, as well as Oswald's own, proved very popular and had received many critical acclaim. The Film Daily notes that this series is "one of the best sellers of the short subject program 'U [niversal]." According to The Moving Picture World , Oswald has "achieved amazing achievements jumping into first-run help overnight".
With the release of Troliles Troubles, The Daily Movies wrote, "As a conductor on the Toonerville trolley, Oswald is a melee... You can order pure faith, and our solemn word that they have the goods. "
The Moving Picture World says Oswald "is good for a lot of smiles and real laughter. 'Trorolley Troubles' presents Oswald as a dinkey small trolley on a wild ride on the mountain."
Menurut The Moving Picture World :
If the first new comedy cartoon for Universal release is an indication of what is to come, then this series is destined to win much favored folk. They are smartly drawn, well executed, full of action and pretty much in humorous situations. Oswald the Lucky Rabbit is all that. Some of his experiences are funny and breathless.
With the release of Oh, Master , World Moving Image wrote that it "fulfills its first promise... as a clever, vivacious, and funny series of cartoons that should prove popular at all type of house.This one deals with Oswald as a schoolboy and introduces the cat as his rival.This contains some of the best jokes we've seen in cartoons. "
With the release of The Mechanical Cow , World Moving Image wrote that Oswald "had a wild and funny time with his fierce milk producer"
With the release of the Great Weapon , World Moving Image wrote that Oswald is "a hero in action in trenches and in a situation where two planes fight each other like a fighter". They found that the Weapon was "full of humor" and wrote, "The series is sure to be popular in all types of homes if current standards are maintained."
Moving Picture World juga menulis tentang seri:
In addition to plugging new notes in cartoon characters by displaying rabbits, Disney's creation is bright, fast and really funny... A good animation and a clever way in which Disney creates his creations to simulate human gestures and expressions add to the enjoyment. They should provide useful attractions in all types of homes.
In addition:
Oswald looks like a real competitor. Walt Disney is doing this new series. Funny how the cartoon artists never hit on the rabbits before. Oswald with his long ear has the opportunity to many new comedy jokes and make the most of them. Universal has been looking for a good animated subject for the past year. They found it.
In the modern era, the animated historian David Gerstein noted:
Disney has done several new projects with Oswald since restoring them. She starred alongside Mickey in the [...] video game series called Epic Mickey. The kids who have found these games have found Oswald's movie, and it's fascinating to see that Oswald is a character that is really popular with kids today. If you ask a high school student if they know Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, a surprising number would say yes. [There] is just something important about these characters that, when presented in the right way, [connect] with all ages.
Oswald won Best New Character in the Reader's Choice and Editor's Choice at the 2010 Best Awards from Nintendo Power.
See also
- Animation in the United States during the silent era
- Golden Age of American animation
References
External links
- Oswald the Lucky Rabbit at INDUCKS
- Oswald the Lukcy Rabbit in Toonopedia Don Markstein. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015.
- Oswald the Lucky Rabbit on Big Cartoon DataBase
- From Stone and Socks: The Winkler Oswalds (1928-29)
- The Walter Lantz Cartune Encyclopedia: Cartune Profile: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
- Oswald the Lucky Rabbit on IMDb
- The lost Disney movie is found at BFI National Archives
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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