Headstone

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A headstone , tombstone , or tombstone is an inscription or marker, usually a stone, placed over a grave. They are traditional for burial in Christianity, Judaism and Muslims, among others. In most cases, they have the name of the deceased, the date of birth, and the date of death written on them, along with a personal message, or a prayer, but they may contain pieces of burial art, especially details in stone reliefs. In many parts of Europe the photos of the deceased in the frame are very common.

Video Headstone

Use

The inscription (plural stelae), as it is called in the archaeological context, is one of the oldest forms of burial art. Initially, the tombstone was a stone crate, or the casket itself, and a tombstone was a stone slab placed over a grave. Now these three terms are also used for markers placed on the grave's head. Several tombs in the 18th century also contained treadstones to demarcate the foot of the grave. This sometimes develops into a full edge set that marks the entire perimeter of the cemetery. Stone stones are rarely annotated with more than just the initials and years of the deceased's death, and sometimes the mason and the reference number of the plot. Lots of cemeteries and church parks have removed the extra stones to make it easier for lawn mowers to cut them. Note that in some British cemeteries the principal, and indeed only, the markers are placed in the foot of the cemetery.

Due to the movement of the ground and creeping downhill on sloping slopes, older tombstones and stepping stones can often be found tilted at an angle. Over time, this movement can produce stones that are placed a few meters from its original location.

Graves, and all related warnings are the focus for mourning and remembering. The names of relatives are often added to the headstone for many years, so one marker may note the passing of the entire family spread over several decades. Because tombstones and a plot in a grave or church spend money, they are also a symbol of wealth or excellence in a community. Some tombstones are even commissioned and erected for their own memories by surviving people, as proof of their wealth and status. In a Christian context, very wealthy people often erect detailed memorials in the church rather than having an external tombstone. Crematoria often offers alternatives similar to families that have no graves to mark, but who want a focus for mourning and remembering them. Carved or thrown a memorial plaque inside a crematorium for example can serve this purpose.

Maps Headstone

Materials

Graves may follow national practice codes or independently prescribe the size and use of certain materials, especially in conservation areas. Some may limit the placement of wooden memorials to six months after the funeral, after which a more permanent memorial should be placed. Others may require a stone with a certain shape or position to facilitate mowing. Granite granite, marble and other stone types are usually made, installed, and repaired by a monumental mason. The cemetery requires regular inspection and maintenance, because the stone can settle, roll over and, on rare occasions, fall and injure people; or graves may become too big and their markers are lost or damaged.

Restoration is a special job for the monumental mason. Even excessive removal requires care to avoid damage to the engraving. For example, vines must be cut at the root of the root and left to die naturally, never forcibly withdrawn. Many materials have been used as markers.

Stone

• Fieldstones . The earliest markers for cemeteries are natural stone, some unmarked and others adorned or incised using piercing metal. Typical motifs for engraving include the symbol and name and age of the deceased.
• Granite . Granite is a rock hard and requires the skill to carve by hand. Modern methods of engraving include using computer-controlled rotary bits and sandblasting through rubber stencils. Leaving letters, numbers and symbols exposed in stone, blaster can make almost any kind of artwork or tombstone.
• Marble and limestone . Limestone and marble have fine carvings. Marble is a recrystallized form of limestone. Light acid in rainwater can slowly dissolve the marble and limestone over time, which can make the inscription unreadable. The Portland Stone is a type of limestone commonly used in England - after weathering, fossil deposits tend to appear on the surface. Marble became popular since the early nineteenth century, though its additional cost limited its appeal.
• Sandstone . Sandstone is durable, but soft enough to be carved with ease. Some sandstone markers are so well preserved that individual chisel marks can be seen, while others have been subjected to delamination and crumbling to dust. Delamination occurs when the moisture is between layers of sandstone. Because it freezes and expands the layer of peeling. In the 17th century, sandstone replaced the field stone in Colonial America. Yorkstone is a common sandstone material used in the UK.
• Slate . Slate can have a pleasant texture but is slightly porous and prone to delamination. It takes good writing, often highlighted with white paint or gilding.

Metal springs, wood and plants

Iron . Markers and decorations of iron tombs were popular during the Victorian era in England and elsewhere, often produced by special casting or local blacksmiths. Cast iron headstones have been going on for generations while wrought iron often only survives in a rusty or eroded condition. In the eastern VÃÆ'¤rmland, Sweden, the iron cross instead of stone has been popular since the 18th century.

White bronze . Actually cast zinc sand, but called white bronze for marketing purposes. Almost all, if not all, markers of zinc graves were made by the Bridgeport, CT, Monumental Bronze Company between 1874 and 1914. They were in grave periods throughout the US and Canada. They are sold more durably than marble, about 1/3 cheaper and progressive.

Wood . It is a popular material during the Georgian and Victorian era, and almost certainly before, in Great Britain and elsewhere. Some can be very ornate, although few survive beyond 50-100 years due to natural decomposition.

Plant . Trees or shrubs, especially roses, can be planted, especially to mark the ash location. These may be accompanied by metal or wooden markers.

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Inscription

Markers sometimes contain inscriptions. Information on tombstones generally includes the name of the deceased and their date of birth and death. Such information can be useful for local genealogists and historians. A larger cemetery may require a secret code of reference as well to help accurately fix the location for maintenance. Funeral owners, churches, or, as in England, national guidelines may encourage the use of 'pleasant' and accurate words in the inscription. Placement of the inscription is traditionally placed on the front side of the memorial but can also be seen in some cases behind and around the edge of the rock itself. Some families requested that an inscription be made on the memorial portion that would be underground.

In addition, some tombstones also bear tombstones to praise the deceased or quote from religious texts, such as " requiescat in pace ". In some instances, the inscription is a plea, a reproach, a testimony of faith, a claim of fame or even a curse - William Shakespeare's famous account states

Or a warning about death, as this Persian poem is carved on ancient tombstones in the Tajiki capital, Dushanbe.

Or a simple warning about the inevitability of death:

The tombsters face their own "2000 problem" when the surviving people, as many as 500,000 in the United States alone, tombstones purchased earlier with years of pre-carved deaths beginning with 19-.

Sculptures of religious reliefs or profiles of the deceased can be seen on several tombstones, especially until the 19th century. Since the invention of photography, the tombstones may include framed photographs or cameo of the deceased; photographic images or artwork (showing loved ones, or other images relevant to their life, interests, or accomplishments) are sometimes now engraved on smooth stone surfaces.

Some tombstones use letters made of white metal mounted on stones, which are easy to read but can be damaged by ivy or iced crops. The deep carving on hard rocks worn can be centuries exposed in the cemetery and still remain legible. Those who remain inside the church, on the wall, or on the floor (often near the altar perhaps) can last longer: such memories are often decorated with monumental brass.

The choice of language and/or script on tombstones has been studied by sociolinguists as an indicator of language choice and loyalty. For example, by studying the graves used by immigrant communities, several languages ​​were found carved "long after the language stopped pronouncing" in society. In other cases, the language used in the inscription may indicate religious affiliation.

The marking inscription has also been used for political purposes, such as a grave marker installed in January 2008 at Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky by Mathew Prescott, a PETA employee. The tomb is located near the tomb of KFC founder Harland Sanders and contains an acrostic message "KFC tortures birds". The group placed his markers to promote his opinion that KFC is cruel to chickens.

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Forms and decorations

The gravestone can be a perpendicular plane with a round circle round, round, pointed, pointed, pedimental, square, or other. During the 18th century, they were often decorated with memento mori (symbolic death reminders) such as skulls or winged skulls, winged cherub heads, celestial crowns, jars or picks and tomb-excavating shovels. Somewhat unusual are more complicated allegorical numbers, such as Old Father Time, or trade or status symbols, or even some events from the life of the deceased (especially how they died). The large cemetery casket, the fake sarcophagus as a remnant is actually located on the earth below, or smaller smaller crates usually used by nobles as a means to commemorate a number of members of the same family. In the nineteenth century, the style of the tombstones varied considerably, from the plain to the highly decorated, and often using the cross on a base or other form different from the traditional slab. They may be replaced by more elaborately carved markers, such as crosses or angels. The simple edges that surround it, sometimes filled with broken glass, were very popular in the mid-20th century.

The Islamic tombstones are traditionally more of a rectangular axis, often topped with a symbol carved out of a turban; but in Western countries more local styles are often used.

Some simple form of decoration can be used. The special epitome on the tombstone shows some familiar themes in many religions. Some examples are:

Huruf Yunani mungkin juga digunakan:

• ${\ displaystyle \ alpha \ omega} Â$ (alpha dan omega): Awal dan akhir
• ${\ displaystyle \ chi \ rho} Â$ (chi rho): Huruf pertama yang mengeja nama Kristus

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Keamanan

Over time the headstone can settle or its material weakens. After several instances where unstable rocks fell in a dangerous state, some of the "test rock tumbling" graves were under intense pressure to check for stability. They can then record it or flatten it.

This procedure proves controversial in Britain, where the duty of care authority to protect visitors is complex because it often has no ownership rights over dangerous markers. The authorities who have dropped rocks during the test or unilaterally raised and laid down potentially dangerous stones have been criticized, after the sad relatives have found that their relative's markers have been moved. Since 2007, Consistency Courts and local authority guides now limit the forces used in the fall test and require the authority to consult with relatives before moving the stone. In addition, before laying flat stone, it should be noted for posterity.

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Picture gallery

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See also

• Tombstone
• Gravestone rubbing
• Khachkar
• Mausoleum
• Megalith
• Sarcophagus
• Scottish tombstones
• Ste? ak
• Stele
• Slab Stone
• Satan's Seat (Legend of the City)
• Tombstone tours
• Viewlogy

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References

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External links

• In Old and Curious Curiosity Search by W.T. Vincent, 1896, from Project Gutenberg
• Azeri.org, Sofi Hamid Cemetery (in Azerbaijan)
• World Funeral Index Photos of memorial inscriptions plus free name search
• Very New Tomb of Old New England headstone
• Historic Headstones Online Project to transcribe content from historical tombstones
• the German tombstone of Pennsylvania
• Stockton University includes the embodiment of tombstones in New Jersey, USA
• How to clean Grave marker by Ralf Heckenbach
• Stone Quarries and Beyond
• "Winning the Civil War: Modernity and Corruption under the Governance of Grants", by Bruce S. Elliott, in Marker XXVI , Association for Studies of Graveyards, 2011, p. 15-55. (Reprinted with permission of the "Association for Studies of Graveyard". (Early details of mass production of burial stones and increased use of sand blasting processes.)

Source of the article : Wikipedia