Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by the English writer J. K. Rowling. These novels tell the life of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends, Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Witchcraft. The central story of the story concerns Harry's struggle against Lord Voldemort, a dark magician who intends to be immortal, overthrows a magical regulatory body known as the Ministry of Magic, and subdues all magicians and muggles (non-magical people).
Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, on June 26, 1997, the books have found great popularity, critical praise, and commercial success throughout the world. They have attracted many adult audiences as well as younger readers, and are often regarded as a pillar of modern young adult literature. The series also has a section of criticism, including concerns about the increasingly dark tone as the series continues, as well as the often horrific violence and graphics depicted. As of February 2018, the books have sold over 500 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling series of books in history, and have been translated into eighty languages. The last four books consecutively set the record for the fastest-selling book in history, with the final installment that sold about eleven million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours since its launch.
The series was originally published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in England and Skolastic Press in the United States. A drama, Harry Potter and Cursed Son , based on a story written by Rowling, aired in London on July 30, 2016 at the Palace Theater, and his manuscript was published by Little, Brown. Seven original books were adapted into an eight-part series by Warner Bros. Pictures, which was the third-grossing film series of all time in February 2018. By 2016, the total value of the franchise Harry Potter is estimated at $ 25 billion, making Harry Potter one of the media franchises best-selling of all time.
A series of many genres, including fantasy, drama, come of age, and English school stories (which include elements of mystery, thriller, adventure, horror, and romance), the world of Harry Potter explores many themes and covers many cultural meanings and references. According to Rowling, the main theme is death. Other major themes in the series include prejudice, corruption, and madness.
The success of books and movies has enabled the Harry Potter franchise to flourish, with many derivative works, a Chicago-based show in 2009, a London studio tour opened in 2012, a digital platform in which JK Rowling is updating series with new information and insights, and an inaugural spin-off film pent in November 2016 with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , among many other developments. Recently, the themed attraction, collectively known as the Harry Potter Magic World , has been built in several Universal Parks & amp; Resorts amusements around the world.
Video Harry Potter
Plot
The central figure in the series is Harry Potter, a boy who lives in Surrey with his aunt, uncle, and a cousin - the Dursleys - who discovered, at the age of eleven, that he was a magician, even though he lived in the ordinary world. non-magical people known as Muggles. The world of magic is parallel to the Muggle world, though hidden and in secrecy. His magical abilities are born and children with such abilities are invited to attend an exclusive magic school that teaches the skills necessary to succeed in the wizarding world. Harry became a student at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, the magic academy in Scotland and this is where most of the events take place. As Harry progresses through his teenage years, he learns to overcome the problems encountered: magic, social and emotional, including common teen challenges such as friendship, madness, romantic relationships, schoolwork and exams, anxiety, depression, stress, and bigger exams. preparing for the confrontation that lies ahead in the wizarding wizarding wizards of England.
Each novel records a year in Harry's life during the period 1991-1998. His books also contain many flashbacks, often experienced by Harry who sees the memories of other characters in a device called the Pensieve.
Rowling's environment is closely related to reality. The English magic community of the Harry Potter books was inspired by the British culture of the 1990s, European folklore, classical mythology and alchemy, combining objects and wildlife such as wands, magic plants, herbs, spells, flying brooms, centaurs, and other magical creatures, the Deathly Hallows, and the Philosopher's Stone, in addition to those found by Rowling. While the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate universe and the mythical Lord of the Rings ' Middle past the mystical, the magical world Harry Potter Exists in parallel in the real world and contains a magical version of the usual elements of everyday life, with actions largely governed in Scotland (Hogwarts), Western Countries, Devon, London and Surrey in southeastern England. The world is accessible only to magicians and supernatural beings composed of a collection of cloistered hidden roads, quaint pubs, lonely country houses, and remote castles not seen by the Muggle population.
Initial years
When the first novel of the series, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (published in America and other countries such as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone) is open, it is clear that some important events have been occurs in the Wizarding World - a very remarkable event, even the Muggle (non-magical) people see the signs. Full background for this event and Harry Potter's past is revealed gradually through the series. After the introductory chapter, the book leapt forward to the time shortly before the eleventh anniversary of Harry Potter, and at this point his magic background begins to unfold.
Although Harry's aunt and uncle were desperate to prevent Harry from picking up on his strength, their efforts were in vain. Harry meets the half-giant, Rubeus Hagrid, who is also his first contact with the Wizarding World. Hagrid reveals himself as the Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts as well as some of Harry's history. Harry knows that, as an infant, he witnesses the murder of his parents by a dark magician obsessed with Lord Voldemort's power, who then tries to kill him as well. Instead, the unexpected happened: Harry survived with only a flash-shaped scar on his forehead as a memento of the attack and Voldemort disappeared shortly afterwards, seriously attenuated by his bouncing curse. As the unintentional savior of Voldemort's terror, Harry has become a living legend in the Wizarding World. However, on the orders of the distinguished and famous wizard Albus Dumbledore, Harry orphan has been placed in the home of an unpleasant Muggle relative, the Dursleys, who have made him safe but mistreated him, including locking him in the closet without eating and torturing him as he is their maid. Hagrid then officially invited Harry to attend the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a famous Scottish magic school that educates young people in their magical development for seven years, from the age of eleven to seventeen.
With Hagrid's help, Harry prepares and performs his first year of study at Hogwarts. As Harry begins to explore the wizarding world, readers are introduced to many of the main locations used throughout the series. Harry meets most of the main characters and gets his two closest friends: Ron Weasley, a cheerful, big, happy, but poor family member of the elder, and Hermione Granger, a talented, intelligent, and hardworking wizard. the prodigy of the prodigal. Harry also meets the school's herb teacher, Severus Snape, who displays a deep and eternal dislike for him, the rich boy Draco Malfoy whom he quickly makes enemies with, and the Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher Quirinus Quirrell, who turns out to ally himself with Lord Voldemort. He also discovered a flying talent over a broomstick and was recruited to his home Quidditch team, sporting in a wizarding world where players fly over a broomstick. The first book concludes with Harry's second confrontation with Lord Voldemort, who, in an attempt to regain his body, longs for the power of the Sorcerer's Stone, a substance that gives eternal life and turns metal into pure gold.
The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, describing Harry's second year at Hogwarts. He and his friends investigate a 50-year-old mystery that appears to be indecent regarding the recent horrible events at school. Ron's sister, Ginny Weasley, enrolled in her first year at Hogwarts, and found an old notebook on her stuff that turned out to be alumni diary, Tom Marvolo Riddle, later revealed to be the younger Voldemort, who was determined to get rid of the school "mudbloods ", a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical descendants. Tom Riddle's memories are in the diary and when Ginny begins to vent in the diary, Voldemort is able to have them. Through the diary, Ginny acts on Voldemort's orders and unknowingly opens the "Chamber of Secrets", releases the ancient monster, then lowered into a basilisk, which starts attacking students at Hogwarts. Kill those who make direct eye contact with it and petrify those who see it indirectly. The book also introduces the new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher, Gilderoy Lockhart, a very cheerful and self-centered magician with a magnificent face, then turned into a fraud. Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding World through exploring school history, and learns that Voldemort's reign of terror is often directed at witches and witches descended from Muggles. Harry also learned about his innate ability to speak the rare and often associated Parseltongue serpent with the Dark Arts. When Hermione is attacked and frightened, Harry and Ron end up collecting the puzzle and unlocking the Chamber of Secrets, with Harry destroying the diary for good and saving Ginny, and also destroying part of Voldemort's soul. The end of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy, Draco's father and rival Ron and Ginny's father, to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny's possessions and introduced the diary to Hogwarts.
The third novel, Harry Potter and the Azkaban Prisoner , follows Harry in his third year of witchcraft education. This is the only book in the series that does not feature Lord Voldemort in any form. Instead, Harry had to deal with the knowledge that he had been targeted by Sirius Black, his father's best friend, and, according to the Wizarding World, an escaped mass murderer who helped kill Harry's parents. When Harry wrestled with his reaction to the Dementors - dark creatures with the power to devour the human soul and eat the despair - which seemed to protect the school, he reached Remus Lupine, a Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher who finally revealed. become a werewolf. Lupine teaches Harry's defensive steps well above the level of magic that is commonly done by people of his age. Harry knows that Lupine and Black are his father's best friends and that Black is framed by their fourth friend, Peter Pettigrew, who has been hiding out as Ron's pet rabbit Scabbers. In this book, recurrent themes throughout the series are emphasized - in every book there is a new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher, none of which last more than a school year.
Voldemort returns
During the fourth year of Harry's school (described in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire), Harry reluctantly enters as a participant in the Triwizard Tournament, a dangerous yet fascinating contest in which three "champions", one from each participating schools, must compete with each other in three tasks to win the Triwizard Cup. This year, Harry has to compete against a wizard and a "champion" wizard from the Beauxbatons and Durmstrang foreign schools, as well as other Hogwarts students, which cause Harry's friends to distance themselves from him. Harry was guided through the tournament by their new Defense Against the Dark Arts professor, Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody, who turned out to be a con artist - one of Voldemort's supporters Barty Crouch, Jr. in disguise. The point at which the mystery unravels marks the series shift from premonition and uncertainty to an open conflict. Voldemort plans to make Crouch use the tournament to bring Harry to Voldemort successfully. Though Harry managed to escape, Cedric Diggory, another Hogwarts champion in the tournament, was killed by Peter Pettigrew and Voldemort re-entered the Wizarding World with his physical body.
In the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry has to face the newly revived Voldemort. In response to Voldemort's appearance, Dumbledore reactivated the Order of the Phoenix, a secret society that worked from the dark family home of Sirius Black to defeat Voldemort's arms and protect Voldemort's target, especially Harry. Despite Harry's description of Voldemort's recent activities, the Ministry of Magic and many others in the wizarding world refuse to believe that Voldemort has returned. In an effort to counter and ultimately discredit Dumbledore, who along with Harry is the most prominent voice in the Wizarding World who tries to warn of Voldemort's return, the Ministry designates Dolores Umbridge as Hogwarts High Inquisitor and new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher.. He turned school into a dictatorship regime and refused to allow students to learn how to defend themselves against dark magic.
With Ron and Hermione's suggestions, Harry forms "Dumbledore's Army", a secret study group aimed at teaching his classmates the high-level Defense Against the Dark Arts skills he had learned from his previous meeting with the Black wizard. Through that lesson, Harry begins to develop a popular and attractive Cho Chang crush. Juggling schoolwork, unrelenting and persistent Umbridge to get him in trouble and defensive lessons, Harry begins to lose sleep because he constantly receives distracting dreams of dark corridors in the Ministry of Magic followed by a burning desire. An important prophecy about Harry and Lord Voldemort is then revealed, and Harry discovers that he and Voldemort have a painful connection, allowing Harry to see some of Voldemort's actions telepathically. In the novel's climax, Harry is tricked into seeing Sirius tortured and racing to the Ministry of Magic. He and his friends face the followers of Voldemort (nicknamed Death Eaters) in the Ministry of Magic. Despite the timely arrival of members of the Order of the Phoenix saving the lives of teenagers, Sirius Black was killed in the conflict.
In the sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince , Voldemort began waging an open war. Harry and his friends are relatively protected from danger at Hogwarts. They are subject to all teen troubles - Harry finally starts dating Ginny, Ron builds a strong madness with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown, and Hermione begins to develop romantic feelings for Ron. Towards the beginning of the novel, having no book of his own, Harry was given an old book of libraries filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer entitled; "Half-Blood Prince." This book is a source of scholastic success and great acknowledgment from their new potion teacher, Horace Slughorn, but because of the potency of the mantra written in it, is a source of concern. As the war approaches, Harry takes personal lessons with Dumbledore, who shows him various memories of Voldemort's early life in a device called the Pensieve. It reveals that in order to sustain his life, Voldemort has broken his soul into sections, creating a series of Horcruxes - hidden evil items in various locations, one of which is a book that was destroyed in the second book. On their way to collect the Horcruxes, Draco, who had joined the Death Eaters, tried to attack Dumbledore, and the book culminated in the murder of Dumbledore by Professor Snape, the titular Half-Blood Prince.
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the last original novel in the series, begins immediately after the events of the sixth book. Lord Voldemort had completed his ascension into power and controlled the Ministry of Magic. Harry, Ron and Hermione drop out of school so they can find and destroy the remaining Voldemort Horcruxes. To ensure their own safety as well as their family and friends, they are forced to isolate themselves. Ghoul feigns Ron's illness with infectious diseases, Harry and the Dursleys are separated, and Hermione wipes the memory of his parents. As they searched for the Horcruxes, the trio learned details about the ancient predictions about the Deathly Hallows, three legendary items that, when united under a Keeper, should allow the person to become Master of Death. Harry finds his Invisibility Cloak to be one of those things, and Voldemort looks for another: The Elder Wand, the most powerful stick in history. At the end of the book, Harry and his friends learn about Dumbledore's past, as well as Snape's actual motives - he has worked on behalf of Dumbledore since the murder of Harry's mother. Finally, Snape was killed by Voldemort for paranoia.
The book culminates in the Battle of Hogwarts. Harry, Ron and Hermione, together with members of the Order of the Phoenix and many teachers and students, defended Hogwarts from Voldemort, his Death Eaters, and various dangerous supernatural creatures. Some of the main characters were killed in the first wave of battle, including Remus Lupine and Fred Weasley, Ron's older brother. Upon knowing that he himself was a Horcrux, Harry surrendered himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest, who threw his curse of killing (Avada Kedavra) on him. Hogwarts's defenders did not give up after knowing the deaths that Harry suspected and kept fighting. Harry awakes and confronts Voldemort, whose Horcrux has been destroyed. In the final battle, Voldemort's killing curse soar from Harry's spell of defense (Expelliarmus), killing Voldemort.
An epilogue "Nineteen Years Later" (set on September 1, 2017) illustrates the lives of surviving characters and the effects of Voldemort's death in the Wizarding World. In the epilogue, Harry and Ginny marry three children, and Ron and Hermione marry two children.
Maps Harry Potter
Additional work
Harry Potter and the Cursed Son
Harry Potter and the Cursed Son is a two-part West End stage play. It was written by Jack Thorne, based on a story by J. K. Rowling, Thorne and director John Tiffany. The drama opens on July 30, 2016 at the Palace Theater, London, England. The script was released on July 31, 2016. The story is set nineteen years after the end of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter, now an employee of the Ministry of Magic, and his youngest son Albus Severus Potter. Official drama synopsis was released on October 23, 2015:
It's always hard to be Harry Potter and it's not much easier now because he's an overworked employee in the Ministry of Magic, a husband, and father of three school-aged children.
While Harry wrestles with a past that refuses to stay where he is, his youngest son Albus has to struggle with the weight of a family heritage he never wanted. Like a frightening past and present fright, both father and son learn an unpleasant truth: sometimes, darkness comes from unexpected places.
Books in the universe
Rowling has expanded the Harry Potter universe with several short books produced for various charities. In 2001, he released Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (a recognized Hogwarts textbook) and Quidditch Through the Ages (a book Harry reads for fun ). The proceeds from the sale of these two books favored the Comic Charity Aid. In 2007, Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard, a collection of fairy tales featured in the latest novel, one of which was auctioned off to raise money for the High Level Children. , funding for mentally handicapped children in poor countries. The book was published internationally on December 4, 2008. Rowling also wrote an 800-word prequel in 2008 as part of a fundraiser organized by the Waterstones bookseller. These three books contain additional information about the wizarding world that is not included in the original novel.
In 2016, he released three new e-books: Hogwarts: Incomplete and Unreliable Guides , Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Poltergeist the Gloom and Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies .
Pottermore website
In 2011, Rowling launched a new website announcing an upcoming project named Pottermore. Pottermore is open to the public on April 14, 2012. Pottermore allows users to be sorted, selected by their stick and play various minigames. The main purpose of the website is to allow users to travel through the story with access to content not previously disclosed by JK Rowling, with over 18,000 words of additional content.
In September 2015, the website was completely overhauled and most features were removed. This site has been redesigned and mainly focuses on the information already available, rather than exploration.
Structure and genre
The Harry Potter novel is primarily directed at a young adult audience as opposed to an audience of middle-class readers, children, or adults. The novels fall in the genre of fantasy literature, and qualify as a type of fantasy called "urban fantasy," "contemporary fantasy," or "low fantasy." They are primarily dramas, and maintain a fairly serious and dark tone throughout, though they do contain some notable examples of tragicomedy and black humor. In many ways, they are also examples of bildungsroman , or the coming of age novels, and contain elements of mystery, adventure, horror, thriller, and romance. The books, too, in Stephen King's words, "clever mystery tales", and each book was built by way of the mystery adventure of Sherlock Holmes. Stories are told from a limited third-person perspective with very few exceptions (such as the opening chapter of the Philosopher's Stone, Fire Goblet and Deathly Morning and two the first chapter of Half-Blood Prince ).
The series can be considered as part of the British children's boarding school genre, which includes Rudalk Kipling's Stalky & amp; Co., Enid Blyton Malory Towers , Clare's and the Naughtiest Girl series, and the novels by Frank Richards Billy Bunter : the Harry Potter mostly written at Hogwarts, a fictional English boarding school for wizards, where the curriculum includes the use of magic. In this sense they "are in direct lineage from Thomas Hughes of Tom Brown School Days and other Victorian and Edwardian novels in British public school life", although they, like many records, are more contemporary , grittier, darker, and more mature than a typical boarding school novel, which addresses the serious themes of death, love, loss, prejudice, age, and the loss of innocence in the setting of England in the 1990s.
The Harry Potter story displays many medieval images and motifs taken from the stories of King Arthur. Hogwarts resembles a university-medieval castle with several professors who are members of the Order of Merlin; Old Professor Binns still lectures on the International Warlock Convention 1289; and a real historical figure, a 14th-century lecturer Sir Nicolas Flamel, is portrayed as a holder of the Philosopher's Stone. Other medieval elements at Hogwarts include medieval weapons and weapons on the walls, letters written on parchment and sealed with candles, Great Hall of Hogwarts similar to the Great Hall of Camelot, the use of Latin phrases, tents prepared for the tournament Quidditch is similar to the "extraordinary tent" prepared for knight tournaments, imaginary animals like dragons and unicorns around Hogwarts, and banners with animal heralds for four Hogwarts Houses. Many of the motives of the Potter stories such as the quest for heroes pleading for transparent objects, animals and magical trees, dreaded forests and the recognition of characters based on scars are drawn from Arthurian's medieval French romance. Other aspects borrowed from the French Arthurian romance include the use of owls as messengers, werewolves as characters, and white deer. American scholars Heather Arden and Kathrn Lorenz specifically argue that many aspects of the Potter story are inspired by the French romance of the 14th century, Claris et Laris, writing "shocking" similarities between the Potter adventure and the Claris knight. Arden and Lorenz noted that Rowling graduated from Exeter University in 1986 with a degree in French literature and spent a year living in France thereafter.
Arnden and Lorenz write about the similarities between the Arthurian romances, in which Camelot is a place of miracles and security, and of heroic warriors must dare to face various dangers, usually in the magical forest; and Hogwarts, also a stunning safe place, where Harry Potter and friends must regularly travel from to the magical forest that surrounds Hogwarts. In the same way that the knights in the Arthurian romance usually have female helpers, who are very intelligent and have a connection with nature, Harry has Hermione who plays the same role. Like an Arthurian knight, Harry received advice and encouragement from his mentor Albus Dumbldore, who resembled Merlin and King Arthur, but had to remove his enemies alone. Arnden and Lorenz write that with Rowling's books, the characters are "... not a simple reworking of famous romance heroes, but a mixture of proteins of different characters to form a new one...".. However, Lorenz and Arnden argue that the main inspiration for Harry Potter is Sir Percival, one of the Round Table Knights looking for the Holy Grail. Both Potter and Sir Percival have "orphaned or semi-orphaned children, with nobility and inherent strength," raised by relatives trying to keep them away from where they are, Hogwarts and Camelot. Both Percival and Potter, however, are outsiders where they are, unaccustomed to knight and magic rules, but both show remarkable natural abilities with Percival proving himself a great fighter while Potter is an outstanding Quidditch player. And finally, both Percival and Potter find love and acceptance from the surrogate family, in the form of the Round Table Knights and the Weasleys.
Each of the seven books is set during a school year. Harry struggles with the problems he faces, and dealing with them often involves the need to break some school rules. If students are caught violating the rules, they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors. Stories peak in the summer, near or right after the final exam, when events rise far beyond the fight and struggle at school, and Harry has to face Voldemort or one of his followers, Death Eaters, at the stakes of life and death problems - the point underlined, as the series progresses, by the characters who were killed in each of the last four books. As a result, he learned important lessons through expositions and discussions with the head teacher and mentor Albus Dumbledore. The only exception to this school-centered setting is the latest novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, where Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts, and just go back there for face Voldemort at dÃÆ' Â © nouement .
Themes
According to Rowling, the main theme in this series is death: "My books are mostly about death They are open with the deaths of Harry's parents.There is Voldemort's obsession with conquering death and his quest for immortality at any price, any purpose with magic. I really understand why Voldemort wants to conquer death We are all afraid of that. "
Rowling states that "Harry Potter's books always, in fact, explicitly address religious themes and questions" and that he did not reveal his Christian parallels at first because it would "give [n ] is too much for fans who might then see the parallels. "In the last book of the Harry Potter series and the Deathly Hallows, Rowling makes the Christian picture of the book more explicit, quoting Matthew 6:19 and 1 Corinthians 15:26 when Harry visits his parents' grave. Hermione Granger taught Harry Potter that the meaning of these verses from the Christian Bible is "life beyond death, life after death", which Rowling claims is "one of the main foundations of resurrection theology" and that these Scriptures "symbolize the whole series ".
Academics and journalists have developed many interpretations of other themes in the book, some more complex than others, and some include political subtext. Themes such as normality, oppression, survival, and overcoming impressive opportunities have all been considered common throughout the series. Similarly, themes make one's way through adolescence and "overcome the most terrible trials - and thus come to terms with them" have also been considered. Rowling has stated that the books consist of "prolonged arguments for tolerance, prolonged requests for an end to bigotry" and that they also convey a message to "question the authority and... not assume that the stance or the press tells you all the truth".
While the books can be said to be composed of many other themes, such as power/abuse of power, violence and hatred, love, loss, prejudice, and free choice, they, as Rowling states, "are embedded in all over the plot"; the author prefers to let the theme "grow organically", rather than sit and consciously try to instill such ideas to its readers. Along the same line is an ever-present theme of adolescence, in his portrayal, Rowling has a purpose in recognizing the sexuality of his character and not abandoning Harry, as he says, "trapped in a permanent pre-puberty state". Rowling has also been praised for her nuanced portrayal of the ways in which death and violence affect youth, and humanity as a whole.
Rowling says that, for her, the moral meaning of the stories seems "very clear". The key to her is the choice between what is right and what is easy, "because... is how tyranny begins, with apathetic people and takes the easy route and suddenly finds themselves in big trouble."
Origins
In 1990, Rowling was on an overcrowded train from Manchester to London when the idea for Harry suddenly "fell into his head". Rowling gives an explanation of the experience on his website that says:
"I have been writing almost continuously since the age of six, but I have never been so excited about an idea before.I just sat and thought, for four hours (delayed train), and all the details overflowed in my brain, and this skinny, dark haired, bespectacled man who does not know he is a wizard becomes more real to me. "
Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 1995 and his manuscript was sent to several potential agents. The second agent he tried, Christopher Little, offered to represent him and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury.
Publish history
After eight other publishers turned down Philosopher's Stone, Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £ 2,500 advance for his publication. Despite Rowling's claim that he did not have a certain age group when he started writing the book Harry Potter, publishers originally targeted children aged nine to eleven. On the eve of the publication, Rowling was asked by her publisher to adopt a more gender-neutral pen name to appeal to male members of this age group, fearing that they would not be interested in reading novels they knew had to be written by a woman. He chose to use J. K. Rowling (Joanne Kathleen Rowling), using her grandmother's name as a second name because she does not have a middle name.
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published by Bloomsbury, the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom on June 26, 1997. The book was released in the United States on September 1, 1998 by Scholastic- American publishers of the book - as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone , after Rowling received US $ 105,000 for American rights - a record amount for children's books by unknown authors. Afraid that American readers will not associate the word "philosopher" with magic (though the Sorcerer's Stone is an ancient tradition in alchemy), Scholastic insists that the book is titled "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" for the American market.
The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was originally published in England on July 2, 1998 and in the US on June 2, 1999. Harry Potter and the Azkaban Prisoner was published a year later in England on July 8, 1999 and in the US on September 8, 1999. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on July 8, 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scientific. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series, in 766 pages in English version and 870 pages in US version. It was published worldwide in English on June 21, 2003. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on July 16, 2005; sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release. The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on July 21, 2007. The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release, slumping to 2.7 million copies in the UK. and 8.3 million in the US.
Translation
The series has been translated into 80 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history. The books have seen translations into various languages ​​such as Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Bulgarian, Welsh, Afrikaans, Albanian, Latvian, Vietnamese and Hawaiian. The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek, making it the longest work published in Ancient Greek since the Heliodorus novels of Emesa in the 3rd century AD. The second volume has also been translated into Latin.
Some translators hired to work on the books are famous authors before their work on Harry Potter , such as Viktor Golyshev, who oversaw Russian translation of the fifth book of this series. The Turkish translation of books two through seven is done by Sevin Okyay, a popular literary critic and cultural commentator. For confidential reasons, translations of any given book can only begin after it is released in English, causing a pause a few months before a translation is available. This has led to a growing number of copies of English editions sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries; for example, a thunderous voice to read the fifth book whose English edition became the first English book ever to be on the best-selling list in France.
The United States edition is adapted into American English to make it easier for young American audiences to understand.
Circuit completion
In December 2005, Rowling stated on his website, "2006 will be the year when I wrote the last book in the Harry Potter series." The update was then followed in his online diary that recorded the development of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with the release date of July 21, 2007. The book itself was completed on January 11, 2007 at Balmoral Hotel, Edinburgh, where he wrote message behind the statue of Hermes. It read: "J. K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room (552) on January 11, 2007."
Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the last book (actually, epilogue) has been completed "in something like 1990". In June 2006, Rowling, on appearances on the English talk show Richard & amp; Judy , announced that the chapter had been modified as a "get a reprieve" character and two others who had previously survived the story had actually been killed. On March 28, 2007, cover art for Bloomsbury versions of Adult and Child and Scholastic was released.
In September 2012, Rowling mentioned in an interview that he might come back to create a "director piece" of two existing Harry Potter books.
Art cover
For cover art, Bloomsbury chose painting in a classic design style, with the first cover of watercolors and pencils by illustrator Thomas Taylor showing Harry up the Hogwarts Express, and the title in the Cochin Bold font. The first releases of successive books in this series follow a similar but somewhat more realistic style, depicting scenes from books. This cover was made by Cliff Wright first and then Jason Cockroft.
Due to the appeal of books among mature audiences, Bloomsbury commissioned a second-line edition with an 'adult' style. It originally used black-and-white photography art for covers that showed objects from books (including the very American Hogwarts Express) without describing people, but then shifted to some coloration with a Slytherin pendant image on the cover of the last book.
The international edition and later have been made by various designers, including Mary GrandPrÃÆ'Â © to US audiences and Mika Launis in Finland. For later American releases, Kazu Kibuishi created the cover in a style influenced by anime.
Achievements
Cultural impact
Fans of the series are very excited for the latest purchases in bookstores around the world starting to hold events to coincide with the midnight book launch, starting with the publication of 2000 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Events, typically featuring artificial sorting, games, face painting, and other live entertainment have reached popularity with Potter fans and have been very successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the original 10.8 million print copies of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince were sold within the first 24 hours.
The last book in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the best-selling book in history, moving 11 million units in the first twenty-four hours of release. The series has also garnered adult fans, leading to the release of two editions of each of the Harry Potter books, which are identical in text but with the cover of one edition of artwork intended for children and the other intended for adults. In addition to meeting online through blogs, podcasts, and fansite, Harry Potter fans can also meet in the Harry Potter chimpanzee .
The word Muggle has spread beyond the origins of Harry Potter , being one of several pop culture words to land on the Oxford English Dictionary. Fandom Harry Potter has embraced podcasts as regular, often weekly, insights into the latest discussions in fandom. Both MuggleCast and PotterCast have reached the top of the iTunes podcast rankings and have surveyed one of the top 50 favorite podcasts.
Some of the lessons identified in this series include diversity, acceptance, political tolerance, and equity. A survey of more than 1,000 students in the United States shows that those who read books differ significantly than those who do not read. The series readers found more tolerant, more opposed to violence and torture, less authoritarian, and less cynical. Although it is not known whether this is a causal relationship, there is a clear correlation, and it seems that the impact of the Harry Potter culture may be stronger than just the fandom ties.
Many fan fiction and fan art working on Harry Potter have been created. In March 2007, "Harry Potter" was the subject of the most frequently searched fictional fan on the internet. At the University of Michigan in 2009, StarKid Productions features original music parodying the Harry Potter series called A Very Potter Musical . This musical was awarded Entertainment Weekly 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009.
Quidditch Sports, played by characters in the Harry Potter series, was created in 2005 and played around the world. The characters and elements of this series have inspired the scientific name of several organisms, including the dinosaurs Dracorex hogwartsia , spiders Eriovixia gryffindori , wasps Dementor Ampulex , and the crab Harryplax severus .
Commercial success
The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling, its publisher, and other Harry Potter related licensees. This success made Rowling the author of the first billionaire and so far. The books have sold over 400 million copies worldwide and have also given birth to the popular film adaptation produced by Warner Bros., all of which have been very successful in their own right. The films in turn spawned eight video games and have led to licenses of more than 400 additional Harry Potter products. The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $ 25 billion.
The big demand for Harry Potter books motivated The New York Times to create a separate best-seller list for children's literature in 2000, just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire > me. On June 24, 2000, Rowling's novels have been on the list for 79 consecutive weeks; the first three novels are each on the hardcover best-seller list. On April 12th, 2007, Barnes & amp; Noble states that Deathly Hallows has broken its pre-order record, with over 500,000 pre-ordered copies through its site. To release Goblet of Fire, 9,000 FedEx trucks were used for no other purpose than to send books. Together, Amazon.com and Barnes & amp; Noble pre-sold over 700,000 copies of the book. In the United States, the initial printing of the book was 3.8 million copies. The record's record was broken by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , with 8.5 million, which was later destroyed by Half-Blood Prince with 10.8 million copies. 6.9 million Prince books sold in the US in the first 24 hours since its release; in the UK more than two million copies were sold on the first day. The initial US printing for Deathly Hallows is 12 million copies, and more than a million have been previously ordered through Amazon and Barnes & amp; Noble.
Awards, awards and acknowledgments
The Harry Potter series has been recognized by numerous awards since the early publication of Philosopher's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards (all of which were awarded in 2001), three Nestlà ©  © Smarties Book Prizes ( 1997-1999), two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards (1999 and 2001), Whitbread's first children's book of the year award (1999), WHSmith's book of the year (2006), among others. In 2000, Harry Potter and Azkaban prisoners were nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel, and in 2001, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won the award. The awards include an award for the Carnegie Medal (1997), a shortlist for the Guardian Children's Award (1998), and numerous lists on leading books, Editor's Choice, and the best book list from the American Library Association, The New York Times , Chicago Public Library, and Weekly Publishers .
In 2002, British sociologist Andrew Blake named Harry Potter among the iconic British popular culture along with the likes of James Bond and Sherlock Holmes. In 2003, four of the books were named in the top 24 of the BBC's The Big Read survey of the most favored novels in the UK. A 2004 study found that the books in the series were often read in elementary schools in San Diego County, California. Based on the 2007 online poll, the US National Education Association enrolled this series in its "100 Books for Teacher for Kids". Three of the books placed among the "Chapter Top 100 Books" of all time, or children's novels, in the 2012 survey published by School Library Journals : Sorcerer's Stone on the third rank, Prisoner of Azkaban 12th, and Goblet of Fire to-98. In 2012, the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London features a lowly 100 feet Lord Voldemort in a segment designed to showcase British cultural icons.
Reception
Literary critic
At the beginning of its history, Harry Potter received a positive review. In the publication, the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, caught the attention of Scottish newspapers, such as The Scotsman , which says it has "all the makings of a classic" , and The Glasgow Herald , calling it "Magic stuff". Soon an English-language newspaper joined, with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl's work: The Mail on Sunday rated it as "the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl", a view voiced by The Sunday Times ("the comparison for Dahl is, this time, justified"), while The Guardian calls it "a highly textured novel given appointment by inventive intelligence".
At the time of the release of the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the books began to receive strong criticism from a number of literary scholars. Professor Yale, a literary scholar, and critic Harold Bloom raised criticisms of the literary merits of the books, saying, "Rowling's mind is so governed by the cliché metaphor and dying that he has no other writing style." AS Byatt writes an opinion article in The New York Times that calls the Rowling universe a "secondary secondary world, composed of derivative motives that are intelligently combined from all kinds of children's literature... written for people- imaginative people, life is limited to TV cartoons, and exaggerated (more interesting, non-threatening) world-mirrors of soap, reality TV and celebrity gossip. "
Michael Rosen, a novelist and poet, suggested the books were not suitable for children, who would not be able to understand complex themes. Rosen also stated that "J. K. Rowling is more than an adult writer." Critics Anthony Holden wrote in The Observer about his experience assessing Harry Potter and the Azkaban Prisoner for the 1999 Whitbread Awards. His overall view of the series was negative - "the Potter story is basically degrading, conservative, very derivative, desperate nostalgia for Britain," and he speaks of "pedestrian and non-war style prose." Ursula K. Le Guin said, "I do not have a good opinion about that, and as many adult critics continue on the 'incredible originality' of the first Harry Potter book, I read it to find out what the fuss is about, and remain somewhat confused, it seems that the fantasy of a living child is crossed with a "school novel", a good cost for his age group, but in a casual style, imaginative derivative, and ethically somewhat cruel. "
In contrast, author Fay Weldon, while conceding that the series was "not what the poets expected," went on to say, "but it is not poetry, it can be read, sold, everyday, useful prose". The literary critic AN Wilson praised the Harry Potter series in The Times, stating: "There are not many writers who have Dickensian JK's ability to make us turn pages, cry - openly, with tears splashed - and a few pages later to be laughed at, always good jokes... We have lived for a decade where we have been following the publications of the most lively, funny, scariest and most touching children stories ever written. " Charles Taylor of Salon.com, who is primarily a film critic, takes issue with Byatt's critics in particular. While he admits that he may have "a valid cultural point - a very small one - about the impetus that drives us to convince the pop trash and away from the complex complexities of art," he rejects his claim that the series is lacking in serious literary expertise. and that it owes its success only to the childhood guarantee it offers. Taylor emphasized the increasingly dark tones of books, shown by the murder of classmates and close friends and psychological and social isolation injuries. Taylor also argued that Philosopher's Stone, said to be the lightest of seven published books, disrupted childhood assurances that Byatt claimed spurred on the success of the series: his book opened with news of double murder. , as an example.
Stephen King refers to the series as "a feat that can only be done by a superior imagination," and states "Rowling's twisted, eyebrow-eyed sense of humor" to "extraordinary". However, he writes that although his story is "good," he is "a little tired of finding Harry at home with his horrible aunt and uncle", the initial formulated of the seven books. King also joked that "Rowling never met words she did not like!" But he predicts that Harry Potter "will really stand the test of time and end up on the shelf where only the best is stored: I think Harry will take his place with Alice, Huck, Frodo, and Dorothy and this is a series not just for decades , but for ages ". Sameer Rahim of The Daily Telegraph disagrees, saying "It depresses me to see 16 and 17 years of reading series when they can read great childhood novels like Oliver Twist i> or The house for Mr. Biswas What is said about adults who are fanatical fans I am not sure - but I suspect in the coming years people will make a relationship between us fat, comfortable, raising society and the popularity of Potter. "
There is an ongoing discussion of the extent to which the series is inspired by Tolkien's book of the Lord of the Rings.
Social impact
Although Rowling's Time magazine named runner-up for the Person of the Year 2007 award, noting the social, moral, and political inspirations he gave to his fandom, the cultural comments in the series have mixed. The Washington Post critic of the book Ron Charles argued in July 2007 that a large number of adults read the Potter series but some other books may represent the "bad case of cultural infantilism", and that the theme "is good vs. evil "direct from this series" childish ". He also argues "not because of Rowling's mistakes", "hysteria" culture and marketing marked by the publication of the later books "training children and adults to expect the roar of coliseum, a mass media experience that no other novel might provide."
Librarian Nancy Knapp points out the potential of books to increase literacy by motivating children to read more than they should. The seven book series has 1,083,594 words (US edition). Agreeing about the effects of motivating, Diane Penrod also praised the mixing of simple entertainment books with "intellectual literary quality fiction", but expressed concern about the disruptive effects of the productive merchandising that accompanied the book launch. However, the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is "largely a legend of the people." The study by the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) found no reading improvement among children coincident with the phenomenon of Harry Potter publication, or a wider reading tendency among Americans has been captured during the rise in popularity of Harry Potter books. The study also found that children who read Harry Potter books are no more likely to continue reading beyond the fantasy and mystery genres. NEA chairman Dana Gioia said the series, "makes millions of children read a long and complex series of books.The problem is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading."
Jennifer Conn uses Snape's teaching method and Quidditch trainer Madam Hooch as an example of what to avoid and what to copy in clinical teaching, and Joyce Fields writes that the books illustrate four of the top five topics in the first-year sociology class: concepts including culture, society, and socialization, stratification and social inequality, social institutions, and social theory ".
From the early 2000s onwards several news reports appeared in the UK from the Harry Potter books and series movies that spurred the demand for pet owls and even reported that after the end of the film series, the same pet owl is now abandoned by its owner. This caused J. K. Rowling to issue some statements that urged Harry Potter fans not to buy owl pets. Despite the rush of media, research on the popularity of Harry Potter and the sale of owls in the UK failed to find evidence that the Harry Potter franchise has affected the purchase of owls in the country or the number of owls reaching animal shelters and animal sanctuaries.
Jenny Sawyer wrote at the Christian Science Monitor on July 25, 2007 that the books represent "a disturbing tendency in commercial and Western society" in the stories that "moral [moral] centers have disappeared from today's pop culture... after 10 years, 4,195 pages, and over 375 million copies, JK Rowling's high achievement does not have the foundation of almost all the great children's literature: the hero's moral journey. " Harry Potter, Sawyer argues, does not face a "moral struggle" or experiences any ethical growth, and therefore "there is no guidance in situations where right and wrong are less than black and white". Instead Emily Griesinger describes the first part of Harry through to Platform 9Ã,¾ as an application of faith and hope, and her encounter with the Sorting Hat as the first of many in which Harry was formed by the choice he made. He also notes the "deeper magic" in which the self-sacrifice of Harry's mother protects the boy throughout the series, and which power-hungry Voldemort fails to understand.
In the November 8, 2002 Slate, Chris Suellentrop likened Potter to "the trust fund-boy whose success at school was largely due to the gifts his friends and relatives gave him." Noting that in Rowling's fiction, the potential of supernatural powers is "something you are born of, not something you can achieve", Suellentrop writes that Dumbledore's saying that "This is our choice that shows what we really are, far more than our ability" is hypocritical , like "the Dumbledore school runs the original gift value above all else". In the August 12, 2007, Deathly Hallows review at The New York Times, however, Christopher Hitchens praised Rowling for "not setting it up" an English school story from a precedent literature â € "bound to dreams of wealth and class and arrogance", arguing that it instead creates "a world of democracy and youthful diversity".
In 2010, to coincide with the release of the movie Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1, a series of articles were written about the personal Harry Potter of the British army. The real life of Harry Potter was killed in the Arab Revolution near Hebron in 1939. His grave, located in the British cemetery in Ramla, Israel, began receiving curious visitors who led the city of Ramla to register on their website.
In 2016, an article written by Diana C. Mutz compares Harry Potter's politics to Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign. He states that 3 themes throughout the book are broadly dominated '1) the value of tolerance and respect for difference; 2) against violence and punishment; and 3) the danger of authoritarianism. 'He points out that these themes are also present in presidential elections and may play a significant role in how Americans respond to campaigns.
Controversy
The books have been the subject of a number of legal proceedings, stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringement. The high popularity and market value of this series has led to Rowling, its publisher, and Warner Bros. film distributor. to take legal action to protect their copyright, which has included banning imitation sales of Harry Potter, targeting website owners over "Harry Potter" domain names, and suing writer Nancy Stouffer for countering her allegations that Rowling has plagiarized his work. Various religious conservatives have claimed that books promote magic and religion like Wicca and are therefore not suitable for children, while a number of critics have criticized books for promoting various political agendas.
The books have also caused controversy in the literary and publishing world. From 1997 to 1998, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone won almost all UK awards courted by children, but no adult children's award was awarded by adults, and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual awareness of books popular with children. In 1999, the award-winning Whitbread Book of the Year children book was included for the first time on a short list for the main award, and one judge threatened to resign if Harry Potter and the Azkaban Detainees were declared the overall winner ; finished second, very close behind the winners of the poetry prize, Seamus Heaney's translation of the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf .
In 2000, shortly before the publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, three Harry Potter books previously occupied the best fictional The New York Times. A list of -sellers and a third of entries is a children's book. The newspaper created new children's sections covering children's books, including fiction and non-fiction, and initially counting only side sales. The move is supported by publishers and booksellers. In 2004, The New York Times subsequently split the list of children, still dominated by Harry Potter books into sections for individual series and books, and deleted Harry Potter books from the section for each book. The split in 2000 drew criticism, praise, and some comments that present the benefits and disadvantages of such a move. Time suggested that, on the same principle, Billboard should have created separate mop-tops lists in 1964 when the Beatles topped the top five on the list, and Nielsen was supposed to make separate games. -show a list when Who Wants To Be a Millionaire? dominate the rankings.
Adaptations
Movies
In 1998, Rowling sold the movie rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros.. to report Ã, Â £ 1 million ($ 1,982,900). Rowling demands that the main cast remains British, though it is possible
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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