Halloween or Hallowe'en (contraction All Hallows' Evening ), also known as Allhalloween , All Hallows' Eve , or All Saints' Eve , is a celebration observed in a number of countries on October 31, the night of Christian Western feasts on All Hallows' Day. It begins with a three-day celebration of Allhallowtide, a time in the liturgical year dedicated to the remembrance of the dead, including the saints (saints), the martyrs, and all the faithful departed.
It is widely believed that many Halloween traditions come from ancient Celtic harvest festivals, especially the Samhain Gaelic & amp; Brythonic Calan Gaeaf Festival: that such festivals may have pagan roots; and that Samhain himself was Christianized as Halloween by the early Church. Some believe, however, that Halloween begins solely as a Christian holiday, apart from ancient festivals like Samhain.
Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or related guising), attending Halloween costume parties, sculpting pumpkins into jack-o'-lanterns, lighting fires, crowding apples, forecast games, playing jokes, visiting haunted places, telling stories scary, and watching horror movies. In many parts of the world, the celebration of Christianity from All Hallows' Eve, including attending church services and lighting candles in the graves of the dead, remains popular, although elsewhere it is a more commercial and secular celebration. Some Christians historically abstain from the meat of All Hallows' Night, a tradition that is reflected in eating certain vegetarian foods today, including apples, potato pancakes, and soul pastries.
Video Halloween
Etymology
The word Halloween or Halloween originated around the year 1745 and comes from Christianity. The word "Hallowe'en" means "holy night" or "holy night". It comes from the Scottish term for All Hallows 'Eve (the night before All Hallows' Day). In Scotland, the word "eve" is even , and this is contracted to e'en or een . Over time, Hallow (s) E (v) en evolves into Halloween . Although the phrase "All Hallows" is found in Old English "All Hallows' Eve" itself was not seen until 1556.
Maps Halloween
History
The effects of Gaelic and Welsh
Today's Halloween habits are thought to be influenced by the customs and beliefs of the people of the Celtic-speaking countries, some of whom are believed to have pagan roots. Jack Santino, a folklorist, writes that "throughout Ireland there is an uncomfortable truce between the customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with Irish religions before Christianity comes." Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while "some folklorists have detected its origins at the feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruit and seed, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically associated with the Celtic festival of Samhain, who came from the Old Irish for "late summer".
Samhain ( ) is the first and most important of four days of quarters in the medieval Gaelic calendar and is celebrated on 31 October - 1 November in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man. The family festival was held at the same time of the year by Celtic Brittonic, called Calan Gaeaf in Wales, Kalan Gwav in Cornwall and Kalan GoaÃÆ' Â ± v in Brittany; name meaning "first day of winter". For Celtic, the day ends and begins at sunset; thus the festival begins on the night before November 1 by modern calculations. Samhain and Calan Gaeaf are mentioned in some of the earliest Irish and Welsh literature. The names have been used by historians to refer to the Celtic Halloween habits until the 19th century, and are still the names of Gaelic and Welsh for Halloween.
Samhain/Calan Gaeaf marks the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter or 'dark half' this year. Like Beltane/Calan Mai, it is seen as a liminal time, when the boundary between this world and the Other World is running low. This means Aos SÃÆ' ( eess- SHEE ), 'spirit' or 'fairy', can more easily come to our world and especially active. Most scholars see Aos SÃÆ' as "a degraded version of the ancient god [...] whose power remains active in people's minds even after they are officially replaced by later religious beliefs". The Aos SÃÆ' are equally respected and feared, with individuals often appealing for God's protection when approaching their homes. In Samhain, it is believed that the Aos SÃÆ' needs to be prayed for to ensure that people and their cattle are safe in the winter. Offering food and beverage, or part of the plant, left outside for Aos SÃÆ' . The soul of the deceased is also said to revisit their home to seek hospitality. Places are arranged at the dining table and near the fireplace to greet them. The belief that the souls of the dead return home one night a year and should be calmed seems to have ancient origins and are found in many cultures around the world. In 19th-century Ireland, "candlelight will be lit and prayers officially dedicated to the souls of the dead. After this meal, drink, and game will begin."
Throughout Ireland and Britain, household celebrations include rituals and games intended to predict the future of a person, especially concerning death and marriage. Apples and nuts are often used in this forecast ritual. They include apple bobbing, peanut roasting, scrying or a mirror view, pouring liquid or egg white into water, dream interpretation, and so on. Special campfires are lit and there are rituals involving them. Their fire, smoke and ash are thought to have protective and cleansing powers, and are also used for divination. In some places, torches are lit from bonfires carried around houses and fields to protect them. It is suggested that fire is a kind of imitative or sympathetic magic - they imitate the Sun, help "growth forces" and withstand winter decay and darkness. In Scotland, the game of fires and forecasts is prohibited by the church elders in some parishes. In Wales, bonfires were lit to "prevent the souls of the dead from falling to the earth". Later, this camp fire serves to keep the "devil from hell".
From at least the 16th century, festivals include mumming and guising in Ireland, Scotland, Isle of Man and Wales. It involves people who go from house to house with costumes (or in disguises), usually reading verses or songs in exchange for food. Perhaps it was originally a tradition in which people disguised as Aos SÃÆ' , or the souls of the dead, and received offerings on their behalf, similar to the spirit's habits (see below). Imitating these creatures, or wearing disguises, is also believed to protect themselves from them. It is suggested that mummers and guisers "describe old winter spirits, which demand rewards in return for good fortune". In the southern part of Ireland, the tamer includes a hobby horse. A man dressed as LÃÆ'¡ir BhÃÆ'¡n (white horse) leads young people to read home verses - some of which have pagan tones - instead of food. If households donate food, it can expect luck from 'Muck Olla'; not doing so will bring misfortune. In Scotland, young men go from house to house with masked faces, painted or blackened, often threatening to do mischief if they are not welcomed. F. Marian McNeill suggests ancient festivals including those dressed in costumes representing spirits, and that faces are marked (or blacked out) with ashes taken from holy bonfires. In parts of Wales, men dressed like frightening creatures named gwrachod . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney were dressed.
Elsewhere in Europe, horse mumming and hobbies are part of other annual festivals. However, in their Celtic-speaking area "it is appropriate for the night that supernatural beings are said to be abroad and can be imitated or denied by human nomads." From at least the 18th century, "imitating the ferocious spirit" led to play pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. Wearing costumes and playing pranks on Halloween spread to England in the 20th century. Traditionally, people who like to pretend to use horseradish radish or mangel wurzels are often carved with strange faces like lanterns. By the people who make it, the lanterns are variously said to represent spirits, or used to cast out demons. They are common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century, as well as in Somerset (see Punkie Night). In the 20th century they spread to other parts of England and became known as jack-o'-lanterns.
Christian Influence
Today's Halloween habits are also thought to be influenced by Christian dogma and the practices derived from it. Halloween is the night before the Christian holy days of All Hallows 'Day (also known as All Saints or Hallowmas) on November 1st and All Souls' Day on November 2nd, thus giving the holiday on October 31 full name All Hallows 'Eve (meaning the night before All Hallows' Day). From the time of the early Church, big parties in Christianity (such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost) had the vigilance that started the night before, as did All Hallows' party. These three days are collectively called Allhallowtide and are a time to honor the saints and pray for the souls who have just died who have not yet reached Heaven. The celebration of all saints and martyrs is held by several churches on various dates, especially in the spring. In 609, Pope Boniface IV again presented the Pantheon in Rome to "St Mary and all martyrs" on 13 May. This is the same date as Lemuria, an ancient Roman festival of the dead, and the same date with the memorial of all the saints in Edessa in Ephrem's time.
All Hallows' Party, on the current date in the Western Church, can be traced to Pope Gregory III (731-741) oratori's foundation in St. Peter for the relics of "the holy apostles and all saints, martyrs and fathers of confession". In 835, All Hallows' Day was officially diverted to November 1, the same date as Samhain, on the orders of Pope Gregory IV. Some thought this was Celtic influence, while others thought it was a Germanic idea, although it was claimed that German-speaking and Celtic-speaking communities commemorated death early in winter. They may have seen it as the most fitting time to do it, because this is the moment of 'dying' in nature. It also suggests that the change was made on "the practical reason that Rome in the summer can not accommodate the large number of pilgrims who flocked to it", and perhaps because of public health concerns about Roman Fever - a disease claimed by some alive during the summer sultry in this region.
By the end of the twelfth century they had become holy days of obligation throughout Europe and involved traditions such as ringing church bells for souls in purgatory. In addition, "it is customary for calangers dressed in black to parade on the streets, ringing grieving sounds and calling all good Christians to remember poor souls." "Souling," the habit of baking and sharing the soul cake for all baptized souls, has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treat. Custom date back at least as far back as the 15th century and found in parts of England, Flanders, Germany and Austria. A group of poor people, often children, will go from house to house during Allhallowtide, collecting soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the dead, especially the souls of friends and relatives of givers. The soul cookies will also be offered for the souls themselves to eat, or the 'soulers' will act as their representatives. Like the tradition of bargaining over hot breads, Allhallowtide's soul cakes are often marked with crosses, indicating that they are baked as alms. Shakespeare mentions the soul in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593). Regarding the habit of wearing a costume, Christian Minister Prince Sorie Conteh writes: "Traditionally it is believed that the souls of the dead wandered to the earth until All Saints 'Day, and All Hallows' Eve gave one last chance for the dead to avenge their enemies- their enemies before moving on to the next world.In order not to be recognized by any soul that might seek such a retaliation, people will wear masks or costumes to disguise their identities.
It is said that in the Middle Ages, churches that were too poor to display the relics of the martyrs in Allhallowtide let the parishioners dress up as saints. Some Christians continue to observe this habit on Halloween. Lesley Bannatyne believes this could be a Christianization of pagan customs before. While soulless, Christians will carry "hollow lanterns made of perforated holes". It has been suggested that jack-o'-lantern, a popular Halloween symbol, originally represents the souls of the dead. On Halloween, in medieval Europe, fire served a dual purpose, lit to guide souls who returned to their families' homes, and to fend off evil spirits that haunted sincere Christians. Homes in Austria, England, and Ireland often have "lit candles in every room to guide souls back to visit their homes on earth". This is known as the "soul lamp". Many Christians in mainland Europe, especially in France, believe that "once a year, in Hallowe'en, the dead in the churchyard go up for a wild and creepy carnival" known as dani macabre, which has often depicted in church decorations. Christopher Allmand and Rosamond McKitterick wrote in The New Cambridge Medieval History that "Christians were moved by seeing Baby Jesus playing on her mother's knee, their hearts touched by Pieta, and the patron saint reassured them by their presence, meanwhile, danse macabre urges them not to forget the end of all worldly things. "This danse macabre is enforced at the village parade and in court masques, with people" dressing up like corpses of various strata of society ", and may have been the origin of modern Halloween costume parties.
In some parts of Britain these habits were attacked during the Reformation when some Protestants berated fire as a "popish" doctrine that did not fit their predestination idea. Thus, for some Nonconformist Protestants, All Hallows' Eve's theology is redefined; without the doctrine of purgatory, "the returning souls can not travel from Purgatory on their way to Heaven, because Catholics often believe and proclaim, but the ghosts are considered to be in evil spirits, threatening. "Other Protestants maintained a transitional belief, known as Hades (Bosom Abraham), and continued to observe the original customs, especially spirits, candle processions and the ringing of church bells to commemorate the dead. Mark Donnelly, a medieval archaeological professor and historian Daniel Diehl, deals with evil spirits, on Halloween, writes that "granaries and houses are blessed to protect men and cattle from the influence of magicians, who are believed to accompany evil spirits when they travel on earth. "In the 19th century, in some parts of the English countryside, families gathered in the hills on All Hallows' Eve night. One holds a bunch of straw on the pitchfork, while the others kneel around him, praying for the souls of their relatives and friends until the flame goes out. This is known as teen'lay . The rising popularity of Guy Fawkes Night (Nov. 5) from 1605 onwards, saw many of the Halloween traditions adapted to the holiday, and the popularity of Halloween was reduced in England, with notable Scottish exceptions. There and in Ireland, they have been celebrating Samhain and Halloween since at least the early Middle Ages, and Scottish revelations have taken a more pragmatic approach to Halloween, seeing it as important for the life cycle and community transition rites and thus ensuring survival in the country.
In France, some Christian families, on All Hallows' Eve night, prayed beside the graves of their loved ones, laying plates full of milk for them. On Halloween, in Italy, some families leave a big meal for the ghosts of their dead relatives, before they leave for church services. In Spain, tonight, special baked pastries, known as "sacred bones" (Spanish: Huesos de Santo ) and wear them graveyard in the church yard, a practice that continues to this day.
Spread to North America
Lesley Bannatyne and Cindy Ott wrote that the Anglican invaders in the Southern United States and Catholic colonists in Maryland "recognize All Hallow's Night on their church calendar," although the Puritans of New England maintain a harsh opposition to the holiday, along with other traditional celebrations. The established church, including Christmas. Almanacs in the late 18th and early 19th century did not indicate that Halloween is widely celebrated in North America. It was not until the mass immigration of Ireland and Scotland in the 19th century that Halloween became the main holiday in North America. Limited to immigrant communities during the mid-19th century, gradually assimilated into mainstream society and in the first decade of the 20th century celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial and religious backgrounds. "In the Cajun area, the evening Mass is said at the funeral on Halloween night, the blessed candle is placed in the cemetery, and the family sometimes spends the night in the graveyard."
Symbol
The development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. Jack-o'-lanterns are traditionally picked up by guys at All Hallows' Eve to scare off evil spirits. There is a popular Irish Christian folklore associated with jack-o'-lantern, which in folklore is said to represent "a soul that has been denied entry into heaven and hell":
On the way home after a drink at night, Jack meets Satan and tricks him into climbing a tree. Jack, who thinks quickly to etch the cross into the bark, to trap the Devil. Jack attacks the offer that Satan can never claim his soul. After the life of sin, drinking, and lying, Jack was denied entry into heaven when he died. Keeping his promise, Satan refuses to let Jack go to hell and throws live coals directly from the fires of hell at him. It was a cold night, so Jack put a coal in a hollow pit to keep it out, from that moment Jack and his lanterns wandered around looking for a place to rest.
In Ireland and Scotland, turnips have traditionally been carved during Halloween, but immigrants to North America use genuine pumpkins, which are much softer and much larger - making it easier to carve than radishes. The American tradition of pumpkin engraving was recorded in 1837 and was initially associated with general harvest time, not specifically attributed to Halloween until the mid-19th century.
Halloween's modern image comes from many sources, including Christian eschatology, national customs, Gothic and horror literary works (such as Frankenstein's novel and Dracula) and classic horror movies. (Like Frankenstein and The Mummy ). The image of the skull, a reference to Golgotha ​​in the Christian tradition, serves as a "reminder of death and the temporary quality of human life" and consequently found in the memento mori and vanity compositions; The skull is therefore commonplace in Halloween, which touches on this theme. Traditionally, the back walls of the churches are "adorned with the depiction of the Last Judgment, complete with open graves and risen deaths, with a heaven filled with angels and hell full of demons", a motif that has permeated this obedience. triduum. One of the earliest works on the Halloween issue was from the Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made notes on pranks on Halloween; "What fluctuations are done by fearfu!" , as well as the supernatural-related night, "Bogies" (ghost), affecting Robert Burns' "Halloween" (1785). Fall elements, such as squash, maize, and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Houses are often decorated with such symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes the theme of death monster, crime, and myth. Black, orange, and sometimes purple are traditional Halloween colors.
Trick-or-treating and guising
The trick-or-treat is a traditional celebration for children on Halloween. Children go with costumes from house to house, asking for food like candy or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" implies a "threat" to mischief on the homeowner or their property if no treatment is given. This practice is said to have its roots in the medieval practice of mumming, which is closely related to the soul. John Pymm writes that "many of the feasts associated with the presentation of mumming dramas are celebrated by the Christian Church." These festivals include All Hallows' Evening, Christmas, Twelfth Night and Shrove Tuesday. Mummings performed in Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe, involve masked masses with plush garments who "parade in the streets and enter houses to dance or play dice in silence".
In Britain, from the medieval period, until the 1930s, people practiced Christian habits for Halloween, involving groups of explorers, both Protestant and Catholic, going from parish to parish, begging the rich for soul cookies , in exchange for praying for the souls of the givers and their friends.
In Scotland and Ireland, guising - children disguised in costumes going door-to-door for food or coins - is a traditional Halloween habit, and recorded in Scotland on Halloween in 1895 where undercover guise carries a lantern made from turnips, visiting homes for cakes, fruits, and money. The practice of disguising Halloween in North America was first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario, Canada reported that children would "disguise" around the neighborhood.
American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts writes the long history of Halloween's first book in the US; The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), and soulful references in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America". In his book, Kelley touches the habits that come from across the Atlantic; "Americans have cultivated them, and made this into what is sure to happen on their best days abroad." All Halloween habits in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from other countries.
While the first reference to "guis" in North America occurred in 1911, another reference to the ritual of begging on Halloween appeared, an unknown place, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920. The earliest usage is known in print of the term " trick or treat "appeared in 1927, at Blackie Herald Alberta, Canada.
Thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s generally show children but are not deceptive-or-treating. The trick-or-treat did not seem to be a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the first emergence of the US term in 1934, and the first use in national publications that occurred in 1939.
The popular trick-or-treating variant, known as trunk-or-treat (or Halloween tailgaiting), occurs when "children are offered treats from trunk cars parked in church parking lots", or sometimes, school parking lots. In a trunk-or-treat event, the trunk (baggage) of each car is adorned with a particular theme, such as children's literature, movies, scriptures, and job roles. Trunk-or-treating has grown in popularity because perception is safer than going door-to-door, a point that resonates well with parents, as well as the fact that it "solves a rural puzzle in which homes are built half a mile apart".
Costume
Halloween costumes have traditionally modeled supernatural figures such as vampires, monsters, ghosts, skeletons, magicians, and demons. Over time, in the United States, the selection of costumes expanded to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes like ninjas and princesses.
Dressing in costume and going "guis" is prevalent in Ireland and Scotland on Halloween in the late 19th century. Costumes became popular for Halloween parties in the US at the beginning of the 20th century, as often for adults as for children. The first mass produced Halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when trick-or-treating became popular in the United States.
The New York Halloween The annual parade, started in 1974 by puppeteer and mask maker Ralph Lee of Greenwich Village, is a huge Halloween parade and one of America's premier night parades (along with Portland's Starlight Parade), attracts over 60,000 costumed participants, two million viewers, and a worldwide television audience of over 100 million. The world's largest Halloween parade takes place in Derry in Northern Ireland, called "the best Halloween destination in the world" which was voted number one in the reader poll Today in the US in 2015.
Eddie J. Smith, in his book Halloween, Sanctified is Your Name , offers a religious perspective to wear costumes on All Hallows' Night, showing that by dressing up as a creature "which at one time caused us to fear and tremble ", one can make fun of Satan" whose kingdom has been plundered by our Savior ". Templates and dead images are traditional decorations used as memento mori .
"Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF" is a fund-raising program to support UNICEF, the United Nations Program that provides humanitarian assistance to children in developing countries. Started as a local event in the Philadelphia Northeast neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involved the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark, in their licensed stores) or-treaters, where they can ask for donations of small changes from the homes they visit. It is estimated that children have raised more than $ 118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to stop their Halloween collection boxes, citing security and administrative issues; after consulting the school, they redesigned the program.
Other games and activities
There are some games that are traditionally associated with Halloween. Some of these games come from rituals of prophecy or how to predict the future of a person, especially concerning death, marriage and children. During the Middle Ages, these rituals were performed by "some rare" in rural communities because they were considered "serious deadly" practices. In recent centuries, this prediction game has become a "common feature of domestic celebrations" in Ireland and England. They often involve apples and hazelnuts. In Celtic mythology, apples are strongly associated with the Other World and immortality, while hazelnut is associated with divine wisdom. Some also suggest that they are from Roman practices in the celebration of Pomona.
The following activities are common Halloween features in Ireland and the UK during the 17-20 century. Some have become more widespread and continue to be popular today. One common game is apple bobbing or dunking (which can be called "dooking" in Scotland) where apples float in tubs or large basins of water and participants should use only their teeth to remove apples from the basin. Dunking variations involve kneeling in a chair, holding a fork between teeth and trying to push the fork into the apple. Other common games involve hanging shells or syrup-coated scones by strings; this should be eaten without the use of the hands while they remain attached to the rope, an activity that surely leads to a sticky face. Another popular game is to hang a small log from the ceiling at the head, with candles burning at one end and an apple hanging on the other. The staff rotates and everyone takes turns trying to catch apples with their teeth.
Some of the traditional activities of Ireland and England involve predicting future spouses or couples. An apple will be peeled in a long strip, then the skin is shot over the shoulder. Peel is believed to land in the first letter of the couple's name in the future. Two hazelnuts will be roasted near the fire; one name for the person who bakes them and the other for the person they want. If the bean jumps away from the heat, it is a bad sign, but if the roasted pea is silently he predicts a good pair. Bannock salted oatmeal will be baked; the person will eat it in three bites and then go to sleep without a sound without drinking. This is said to produce a dream in which their future partner offers them a drink to quench their thirst. Unmarried women are told that if they sit in a dark room and gaze into the mirror on Halloween night, their prospective husband's face will appear in the mirror. However, if they are destined to die before marriage, the skull will appear. The habit was wide enough to be remembered on greeting cards from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
In Ireland and Scotland, items will be hidden in food - usually cakes, barmbracks, cranachan, champ or colcannon - and some are randomly presented. The future of a person will be predicted by the goods they happen to find; for example, a ring means marriage and coins means wealth.
Until the 19th century, Halloween bonfires were also used for divination in parts of Scotland, Wales, and Brittany. When the fire subsides, a stone ring will be put on the ashes, one for each person. In the morning, if there is a misused stone, it is said that the person he represents will not live in that year.
Telling ghost stories and watching horror movies is a common Halloween party fixture. Halloween-themed television episodes and specials on Halloween (with specials typically intended for children) are usually aired on or before Halloween, while new horror movies are often released before Halloween to take advantage of the holidays.
Haunted tourist attraction
Haunted places are entertainment venues designed to pamper and frighten customers. Most of the attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses that may include haunted houses, corn labyrinths, and hayrides, and the level of sophistication effects has increased as industry grows.
The first recorded haunted attraction of haunted is Orton and Spooner Ghost House, which opened in 1915 in Liphook, England. This tourist attraction is actually very similar to a fun carnival house, which is empowered by steam. The house is still there, in the Hollycombe Steam Collection.
It was during the 1930s, around the same time as a trick-or-treat, that the first Halloween-themed haunted house began to appear in America. It was in the late 1950s that haunted homes as a major attraction began to emerge, the first focus in California. Sponsored by Junior Junior Health House Helper, San Mateo's Haunted House opened in 1957. The San Bernardino Assistance League Haunted House opened in 1958. The haunted house began popping up all over the country during 1962 and 1963. In 1964, the Great House of San Manteo opened. , as well as the Haunted House Children's Museum in Indianapolis.
The haunted house as an icon of American culture can be attributed to the opening of the Haunted Mansion at Disneyland on August 12, 1969. Berry Knott's farm began hosting the Halloween night attraction, Knott's Scary Farm, which opened in 1973. Evangelical Christians adopted the shape of these places with opened one of the first "hell houses" in 1972.
The first Halloween ghost house managed by a nonprofit organization was produced in 1970 by Sycamore-Deer Park Jaycees in Clifton, Ohio. It was sponsored by WSAI, an AM radio station broadcasting from Cincinnati, Ohio. It was last produced in 1982. Other Jaycees followed suit with their own version after the success of Ohio homes. The March of Dimes owns the copyright "Minor haunted house for March of Dimes" in 1976 and started raising funds through their local branch by doing a haunted house soon after. Although they seem to stop supporting such events nationwide around the 1980s, some of the houses inhabited by the March of Dimes have survived to this day.
On the night of May 11, 1984, in Jackson Township, New Jersey, Haunted Castle (Six Flags Great Adventure) burned. As a result of the fire, eight teenagers were killed. The demand for the tragedy is the tightening of regulations relating to safety, building regulations and the frequency of inspections of national venues. Smaller places, especially non-profit attractions, can not compete financially, and better funded commercial firms fill the void. Facilities that used to be able to circumvent regulations as perceived as temporary installations must now comply with the strict codes required for permanent attractions.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, amusement parks entered business seriously. Six Flags Fright Fest started in 1986 and Universal Studios Florida started Halloween Horror Nights in 1991. Knott's Scary Farm experienced a surge of presence in the 1990s as a result of America's obsession with Halloween as a cultural event. The amusement parks have played a major role in the globalization of the holiday. Universal Studios Singapore and Universal Studios Japan both participated, while Disney now performs Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party activities in its parks in Paris, Hong Kong and Tokyo, as well as in the United States. This amusement park is by far the largest, both in scale and presence.
Food
At All Allowsows' Eve, many Western Christian denominations encourage abstinence from meat, resulting in the variety of vegetarian foods associated with today.
Because in the Northern Hemisphere Halloween comes after the annual harvest of apples, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel or apple taffy is a Halloween snack made by rolling the whole apple in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling it with beans.
At one time, candy apples were usually given to deceiving or curing children, but the practice quickly faded due to widespread rumors that some people were pinning items such as pins and razors in apples in the United States. Despite evidence of such incidents, relative to the level of reporting of such cases, real cases involving malicious acts are very rare and never result in serious injury. Nevertheless, many parents assume that such abominable practices are rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of hysteria, some hospitals offer free X-rays from Halloween children to look for evidence of disturbance. Almost all of the several known candy poisoning incidents involve parents who poison their own children's candy.
One of the habits that persists in modern Ireland is roasting (or more often today, the purchase) of barmbrack (Irish: bÃÆ'¡irÃÆ'n breac ), which is a light fruit cake, where plain rings, coins, and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get the ring will find their true love the following year. This is similar to the tradition of the king's cake at the Epiphany festival.
List of foods related to Halloween:
- Barmbrack (Ireland)
- Bunker (English) fireplace
- Toffee apples/apples (English and Irish)
- Candy apples, corn candy, pumpkin candy (North America)
- Monkey beans (peanuts in their shells) (Ireland and Scotland)
- Caramelized apple
- Caramelized corn
- Colcannon (Ireland; see below)
- Halloween Cake
- New candies are shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc.
- Pumpkin seeds
- Roasted sweet corn
- The Mother Cake
Christian commemoration
In Halloween (Evening All Hallows), in Poland, believers have been taught to pray loudly as they walk through the woods so that the souls of the dead can find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests in small villages ring their church bells to remind their congregation to remember the dead on All Hallows Night. In Ireland, and among immigrants in Canada, a custom including a Christian custom to abstain, makes All Hallows' Eve a meat-free day, and serves pancakes or colcannon instead. In Mexico, children make altars to invite the return of spirits of dead children ( angelitos ).
The Christian Church has traditionally observed Hallowe'en through guard. The worshipers prepare to feast on the following All Saints' Day with prayer and fasting. This church service is known as Vigil All All Hallows or Vigil of All Saints ; an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout the Christian world. After the service, "suitable celebrations and entertainment" often follow, as well as visits to cemeteries or graves, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows Day. In Finland, because so many people visit the tombs at All Hallows' Night to light the votive candles there, they are "known as valomeri," or sea of ​​light. "
Today, Christian attitudes toward Halloween are very diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian tradition associated with All Hallow's Eve. Some of these practices include worship, fasting and attending services.
O Lord our God, raise us, pray for us, and multiply your gifts of grace, so that we, who will prevent the noble festivals of all your Saints, may you be actively enabled to follow them in all virtuous and pious lives. Through Jesus Christ, our Lord, living and uniting you, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, an endless world. Amin. --Collect of the Vigil of All Saints,
Anglican Breviary
Other Protestant Christians also celebrated All Hallows' Day as a Day of Reformation, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, along with All Hallow's Eve or apart from it. This is because Martin Luther is said to have nailed his book Ninety Five Theses to the All Saints Church at Wittenberg on All Hallows Night. Often, the "Harvest Festivals" are held at All Hallows Night, where children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers. In addition to distributing sweets to children who cheat or treat in Hallowe, many Christians also give their gospel tracts. One organization, the American Tract Society, states that about 3 million gospel tracts are ordered from themselves for Hallowe celebrations. Others ordered Halloween themed Candy Scriptures to share with the children today.
Some Christians are concerned about modern Halloween celebrations because they feel it is trivial - or celebrate - paganism, occultism, or other practices and cultural phenomena that are deemed incompatible with their beliefs. Father Gabriele Amorth, a devil exorcist in Rome, has said, "if British and American children like to dress up as witches and demons on a single night of the year it does not matter, if it's just a game, there's nothing wrong with that." In recent years, the Roman Catholic archdiocese in Boston has organized "Saint Fest" in Halloween. Likewise, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their church where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. For these Christians, Halloween does not threaten the children's spiritual life: it is taught about death and mortality, and the ways Celtic's ancestors truly become valuable life lessons and part of their many parish heritages. Christian Minister Sam Portaro writes that Halloween is about using "humor and ridicule to face the power of death".
In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween Christian connections are cited, and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parish schools throughout North America and in Ireland. Many fundamentalist and evangelical churches use "Hell houses" and comic-style tracts to capitalize on Halloween's popularity as an opportunity for evangelism. Others consider Halloween completely incompatible with the Christian faith because of its alleged origin in the Festival of the Dead festival. Indeed, although Eastern Orthodox Christians observed All Hallows' Day on the First Sunday after Pentecost. The Eastern Orthodox Church recommended obedience to Vespers or Paraklesis to the Western celebration of All Hallows' Eve, from the pastoral need to provide alternatives to popular celebrations.
Analogues and perspectives
Judaism
According to Alfred J. Kolatch in the Second Jewish Book Why, in Judaism, Halloween is not allowed by Halakha Jews for violating Leviticus 18: 3, which forbids the Jews to take part in the customs of the Gentiles. Many Jews observed Yizkor, which is equivalent to Allhallowtide's obedience in Christianity, such as a prayer said for both "martyrs and for his own family". However, many American Jews celebrate Halloween, cut off from their Christian origins. Rabbi Reform Jeffrey Goldwasser said that "There is no religious reason why contemporary Jews should not celebrate Halloween" while Orthodox Rabbi Michael Broyde has been opposed to Jews observing holidays. Jews have Purim holidays, where children dress up to celebrate.
Islam
Sheikh Idris Palmer, author of The Insightful Understanding Guidelines for Understanding Islam, argues that Muslims should not participate in Halloween, stating that "participation in Halloween is worse than participation in Christmas, Easter,... it is more sinful than congratulate Christians for their prostration on the cross. "Javed Memon, a Muslim writer, disagrees, saying that" her daughter dressing up like a British telephone booth will not destroy her faith as a Muslim. "
Hinduism
Most Hindus did not observe All Hallows' Night, instead they remembered the dead during the Pitru Paksha festival, where Hindus paid tribute and performed the ceremony "to keep the souls of their forefathers resting." It is celebrated in the Hindu month of Bhadrapada, usually in mid-September. The celebration of the Diwali Hindu festival is sometimes at odds with the date of Halloween; but some Hindus choose to participate in the popular Halloween habits. Other Hindu people, such as Soumya Dasgupta, opposed the celebration on the grounds that Western holidays like Halloween "began to have a negative impact on our indigenous festival".
Neopaganism
There are no consistent rules or views about Halloween among those who describe themselves as Neopagan or Wiccans. Some Neopagan do not observe Halloween, but observe Samhain on November 1, some neopagans enjoy Halloween celebrations, stating that one can observe "Samhain's solitude besides Halloween pleasure". Some neopagan oppose Halloween celebrations, stating that it "underestimates Samhain", and "avoids Halloween, because of the intrusion of the trick or treater". The Manitoban writes that "Wiccan is not officially celebrating Halloween, despite the fact that October 31 will still have a star next to it in every good Wiccan day planner." From sunset, Wiccan celebrates a holiday known to Samhain, Samhain is actually derived from ancient Celtic tradition and is not exclusive to Neopagan religions like Wicca, while the tradition of this holiday comes from Celtic countries, modern Wiccan does not try to historically mimic the celebrations of Samhain Some traditional Samhain rituals are still practiced, but in essence, treated as a time to celebrate the darkness and die - possibly the reason why Samhain can be confused with Halloween celebrations. "
Worldwide
The tradition and importance of Halloween vary greatly among the countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costumes that will "disguise" parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting fires, and featuring fireworks. In Brittany the children will play practical jokes by arranging candles inside the skulls in the cemetery to frighten the visitors. The immigration transatlantic mobs of the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebrations in the United States and Canada have had a significant impact on how this event was observed in other countries. The influence of this larger North America, especially in the iconic and commercial elements, has expanded to places like Ecuador, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, (mostly) continental Europe, Japan and other parts of East Asia. In the Philippines, during Halloween, Filipinos return to their hometown and buy candles and flowers, in preparation for All Saints Day (Argae Patay) on November 1 and All Souls Day - though falling on November 2, most of them observing it the day before. In Mexico and Latin America in general, this is referred to as "DÃÆ'a de los Muertos" which is translated into English as "The Day of Death". Most people from Latin America build altars in their homes in honor of their deceased relatives and they decorate them with flowers and candy and other offerings.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- Halloween in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- "Halloween short history" by the BBC
- "The History of Halloween" by History Channel
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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