flush toilet (also known as toilet flushing , flush toilet or water closet ( WC )) are toilets that remove human waste (urine and dirt) by using water to discharge through drainage pipes to other sites for disposal, thereby maintaining the separation between humans and their faeces. The flush toilets can be designed to sit (in this case they are also called "western" toilets) or to squat, in terms of squat toilet. The opposite of a flush toilet is a dry toilet, which does not use water for flushing.
The flush toilets usually combine "S", "U", "J", or "P" in curves (called traps, such as P traps or S traps) that cause water in the toilet bowl to collect and act as seals against exhaust gases gas). Since flush toilets are not usually designed to handle waste at the site, their drainage pipes should be connected to waste transport systems and waste treatment. When the toilet is flushed, waste water flows into the septic tank or sewage system and from there to the waste treatment plant.
Flush toilets differ from urinal, designed only to handle liquid waste; or from a bidet, which can be used to clean the excretory area after using the toilet.
Video Flush toilet
Operation
The typical flush toilet is a fixed ceramic bowl, a vitreous (also known as a pot) connected to a sewer. After use, the bowl is emptied and cleaned with a rapid flow of water into the bowl. This flush can flow from a special tank (cistern), a high pressure water pipe controlled by a flush valve, or by pouring water into the bowl manually. Tanks and valves are usually operated by the user, by pressing the button, pulling the lever or pulling the chain. Water is directed to the bowl by coating the mold around the top of the bowl or with one or more jets, so that the entire surface of the inside of the bowl is rinsed with water.
Flush mechanical from dam
A typical toilet has a fixed tank on top of a bowl containing a fixed volume of water. When the user operates the flush, the entire contents of the tank are thrown quickly into the toilet bowl, causing the contents of the bowl to be swept or removed from the toilet and into the drain. Water can be discharged via a "flapper valve toilet" (not necessarily confused with valve type) or through siphon. At the end of the flush, the valve automatically opens to allow the tank to be refilled ready for further flush.
Flush mechanically from high pressure water supply
Toilets without a water tank are often rinsed through a simple flush valve or "Flushometer" that is connected directly to the water supply. It is designed quickly to drain water with limited volume when the lever or button is pressed and removed.
Watering manually (pour flush)
Another variant of the flush toilet is the flush toilet. This flush toilets do not have clean or permanent water supply, but are watered manually with a few quarts of small buckets. Flushing can be used as little as 2-3 liters. This type of toilets is common in many Asian countries. The toilet can be connected to one or two holes, in this case called "pour flush pit latrine" or "pit pit pit toilet flush toilet". It can also be connected to a septic tank.
Maps Flush toilet
Flushing System
The rinsing system provides a large flow of water into the bowl. They usually take the form of either a fixed water tank or flush valve.
Flush tanks
The flush tank or water tank usually incorporates a mechanism to release water from the tank and the automatic valve to allow the tank to be recharged automatically.
This system is suitable for locations stoned with 1 / 2 inch (13 mm) or 3 /water pipes 8 inch (9.5 mm) that can not supply water fast enough to flush toilets; tank is required to supply large volumes of water in a short time. Tanks typically collect between 6 and 17 liters (1.3 and 3.7 gal, 1.6 and 4.5 gallons) of water over a period of time. Storage tanks are usually installed directly above the bowl, although some tanks are installed on the wall several meters above the bowl in an attempt to increase the pressure of the flush water as it enters the bowl. Tanks near the ceiling are doused by a dangling drag chain, often with a large decorative handle, connected to the flush lever on the tank itself. "Attracts the chain" remains a British euphemism for flushing toilets, although this type of tank or tank becomes scarce. A similar German expression is Wasser ziehen ("to draw water").
The older installation, known as the "high-end suite", uses a high-tank water tank, mounted above the head height. When more modern combinations of cistern and bowl combinations were first introduced, this was first referred to as a "low suite combination". The modern version has a lower-level stove that looks neater with a lever that the user can reach directly, or a closed cistern that is even lower down and fixed directly into the bowl. In the last few decades the combined combination of tank/bowl has become the most popular residential system, as ceramic engineers have discovered that improving the design of waterways is a more effective way to increase the bowl rinse action than high tank installation.
Tank filling valve
Tank filling valves are found in all tank-style toilets. The valves have two main designs: side buoy design and concentric float design. The side-float design has been around for over a hundred years. Concentric designs existed only since 1957, but gradually became more popular than the side-float design.
The side-float design uses a buoy at the end of the lever to control the charging valve. Floats are usually ball-shaped, so this mechanism is often called ball-valve or ballcock (cock in context is an alternative term for the valve; see, for example, stopcock). The buoy was originally made of copper sheets, but is now usually plastic. The buoy lies on either side of the main valve tower or the inlet at the end of the rod or arm. As float rises, so does float-arm. The arm is connected to a filling valve that blocks the flow of water into the toilet tank, and closes the water when the buoy reaches the high set. It maintains a constant level in the tank.
The new concentric floating charging valve consists of a tower surrounded by a plastic float unit. The opposite operation is the same as the floating-side charging valve, although the floating position is somewhat different. Under a more compact layout, the interference between float and other obstacles (tank insulation, flush valve, etc.) is greatly reduced, thus increasing reliability. Concentric floating charging valves are also designed to signal users automatically when there is a leak in the tank, making more noise when the leak is present than the older side-style fill valve, which tends to be almost silent when a slow leak is present.
Flapper-flush valve
In a tank using a flapper-flushper valve, the outlet at the bottom of the tank is covered by a cover (plastic or rubber), or flapper, held in place against the flush valve seat by water pressure. To flush the toilet, the user pushes the lever, which lifts the flush valve from the valve seat. The valve then floats from the seat, allowing the tank to empty quickly into the bowl. When the water level drops, the floating flush valve drops back to the bottom of the tank and closes the outlet pipe again. This system is common in homes in the US and in continental Europe. Recently the flush system has also been available in the UK due to regulatory changes.
The dual flush version of this design is now widely available. They have one water level for liquid waste and a higher level for solid waste. In countries such as Australia, Israel, Singapore or Germany that have restrictions on water consumption or where people want to save water, double flush toilets are now common in homes and public toilets.
Siphon-flush mechanism
This system, discovered by Albert Giblin and common in the UK, uses a storage tank similar to that used in the flapper-flush-valve system above. This flush valve system is sometimes referred to as the valless system, since no traditional valve type is required. However, some argue that any system that regulates fluid flow is technically still a valve .
Siphon is formed from a vertical pipe that connects the flush pipe to the domed space inside the reservoir. Perforated disks, covered by flexible plates or flaps, are installed in this chamber and connected with rods to the levers.
Pressing the lever generates the disc, forcing the water to pass over the siphon into the vertical pipe, and starting the siphonic stream. Water flows through the peforated disk through the flap until the tank is empty, where air enters siphon and flush stops.
The advantage of siphon over the flush valve is that it has no washers that can wear out and cause leakage, so it is preferable in places where there is a need to conserve water.
Until January 1, 2001, the use of siphon-type sieve is mandatory in the UK to avoid potential water wastage by millions of leaking toilets with flapper valves but due to the EU harmonization regulations have changed. This valve can sometimes be more difficult to operate than flapper-based flapper valves because the lever requires more torque than the flapper-flush-valve system. The additional torque required for the tank lever is due to the fact that a user must forcibly remove some water into the siphon channel to initiate siphon action in the tank. Separating or stuck a flexible flap that covers perforated discs can also cause the cistern to become irregular.
The double flush version of siphon cistern provides a shorter flush option by allowing air into the siphon to stop the siphonic action before the tank is empty.
The siphon system can also be combined with an air box to allow multiple siphon mounted in a single sandbox.
High pressure tank or assisted pressure
This system uses the main water pressure for pre-pressure tank. It may lie within what appears to be a more typical ceramic tank flush. The flush cycle starts every time the user flushes the bowl. Once the user is flushed and the water in the pre-pressed tank has finished emptying into the bowl, the valve out in the plastic tank dies. Then high pressure water from the main refill of the plastic tank. Inside the tank is a rubber diaphragm that contains a hot air balloon. As the higher-pressure mother water enters the tank, the rubber diaphragm is also suppressed and shrunk appropriately.
During rinsing, the compressed air inside the diaphragm pushes water into the bowl with a flow rate significantly higher than the tank gravity of the toilet gravity. This system requires less water than a gravity-flow toilet - or alternatively can be more effective for the same amount of water. The pressure support toilet is sometimes found in private bathrooms (single, double, and lodging) as well as light commercial installations (such as offices). They rarely clog, but pressurized tanks need to be replaced about once every 10 years. They also tend to be noisy - a possible concern for housing arrangements. The pressure support toilets of some companies use 1.4 gallons US (5.3 liters) to 1.0 gallon US (3.8 liters) per flush.
New toilets that use similar pressure booster technology along with bowls and traps designed to enhance siphon effects use only 0.8 US gallons (3.0 Âμg) per flush, or 0.5 US gallons (1.9 ll)/0, 95 US gallon (3.6 l) for dual flush model. This design is also much quieter than pressure-assist toilet or other flushometer.
Styling without a tank with a flushometer
In 1906, William Sloan first made the flush-style "flushometer" flush toilet valve, which incorporates a patented design, available to the public. The design proved to be very popular and efficient, and remains so today. Flush tube flush valves are still often installed in commercial toilets, and are often used for both toilet and urinal. Since they do not have a tank, they have zero recharge time, and can be used directly by the next toilet user. They can be easily identified by their distinctive chrome pipe work, and in the absence of a toilet tank or water tank, wherever they are employed.
Some flushometer models require the user to press the lever or push the button, which in turn opens a flush valve that allows the main pressure water to flow directly into the toilet bowl or urinal. Another flushometer model is electronically triggered, using infrared sensors to start the flushing process. Usually, on an electronically triggered model, the override button is provided if the user wants to manually trigger a manual flushing. Some electronically triggered models also include correct mechanical manual overhauls that can be used in case of electronic system failures. In a retrofit installation, a unit that uses a complete battery or hard-wired can be added to an existing manual flushometer to water automatically when the user leaves.
After the flushometer valve is rinsed, and after a predetermined interval, the flushometer mechanism closes the valve and stops the flow. Flushometer systems do not require storage tanks, but require high water volume in a very short time. Thus minimum (22 mm) inch, or preferably 1 inch (29 mm) pipes, should be used, but because of the volume height is only used for short duration, very little water is used for the amount of flushing effectiveness delivered. The main water pressure should be above 30 pounds per square inch (2.1 bar). While the higher water pressure used by the flushometer valve does not explore the bowl more efficiently than the gravity-driven system, and while fewer blockages usually occur as a result of this higher water pressure, the flushometer system still requires approximately the same amount of water as the gravity system operates (1.6 gpf).
Bowl design
"Bowl" or "pot" toilet is a container that receives body waste. The toilet bowl is most often made of ceramic, but can sometimes be made of stainless steel or composite plastic. The toilet bowl is installed in one of three basic behaviors: on-floor floor, wall mounted (cantilever), or on-floor installed (squat toilet).
Inside the bowl, there are three main waterway design systems: a faltering system (found mainly in North American housing installations, and in light commercial installations of North America), non-siphoning systems trapped (found in most other installations both inside and in outside of North America), and valve-cabinet systems (found in many specialized applications, such as in trains, planes, buses, and other installations worldwide). The old style toilets called "washout" toilets are now only found in some locations.
Siphonic Bowl
Single trapdoor toilets
Siphonic toilets are probably the most popular design in North America for light commercial and commercial toilets. Some other terms for this type of toilet is "siphon jet" and "siphon wash". All siphonic toilets incorporate "S" water channels.
The water standing in the bowl acts as a barrier to the exhaust gas coming out of the sewer through the sewer, and also as a container for waste. The sewer gas is released through a separate ventilation pipe attached to the sewer. The water in the toilet bowl is connected to the drain to an extended hollow pipe such as "S", which curves behind the bowl and down into the drain. The section of the channel behind the bowl is arranged as a siphon tube, which is longer than the water depth in the bowl. The top of the curved tube limits the water level in the bowl before it flows into the drain. The drainage in the toilet is designed with a slightly smaller diameter than a non-siphonic toilet, so the water channels will naturally fill with water whenever watered, creating siphon action.
At the top of the toilet is a rim with many sloping disposal holes fed from the tank, which fill, rinse, and induce circling inside the bowl when flushed. Some designs use large holes on the front of the rim to allow faster bowl filling. There may also be a siphon jet hole about 1.0 inches (2.54 cm) in diameter at the bottom of the toilet.
If the toilet is watered from the tank, a large container tub is installed above the toilet, containing about 1.2 to 1.6 gallons of US (4.5 to 6.1 L) of water in a modern design. The tank is built with a large diameter hole of 2.0 to 3.0 inches (5.08 to 7.62 cm) on the underside of which is covered by a flapper valve that allows water to immediately leave the retaining tank when the flush is activated. Alternatively, water can be supplied directly through the flush valve or "flushometer".
The entry of water into the bowl causes boiling water in the bowl to rise and fill the siphon tube S-shaped mounted on the back of the toilet. This starts the action of siphonic toilet. The siphon action quickly "pulls" almost any water and waste in the bowl and tank water that flows quickly into the sewer in about 4-7 seconds - it's flushed. When most of the water has been drained out of the bowl, the water column continuously through the siphon is damaged when the air enters the siphon tube. The toilet then gives a typical gurgle when the siphonic action stops and no more water pours out of the toilet.
The "true siphonic toilet" can be easily identified by the noise it generates. If it can be heard to suck air into the drain at the flush tip, then it is a true siphonic toilet. If not, then it is a siphonic trap or a non-siphonic toilet.
If water is poured slowly into the bowl, it just flows along the edge of the waterway and flows slowly down the drains - so the toilet does not flow properly.
After flushing, the flapper valve in the water tank closes or the flush valve closes; drains and valves connected to the water supply recharge the toilet tank and bowl. Then the toilet back ready for use.
Double siphonic toilet traps
The double diphonic trap toilet is a less common type that is very quiet when flushed. There is a device known as an aspirator that uses a water flow in flush to suck air from a cavity between two traps, reducing the air pressure there to make siphon that sucks water and waste from toilet bowls. Toward the end of the flush the aspirator is no longer covered by water, allowing air to enter into the cavity between traps to break the siphon silently while the last water flush fills the pan.
Non-siphonic bowl
Washdown toilet
Washdown toilets are the most common form of toilets and cantilever toilet outside North America. The bowl has a large opening at the top that shrinks into the water trap at the base. It is watered from above by water discharged through a launcher or jet flushing. The strength of the water flowing into the bowl washes the garbage through the trap and into the drains.
Washdown bowls developed from the previous "hopper" cupboard, which is a simple cone bowl connected to a sewer. However, the stool is usually ejected to the back of the toilet, not the right center, and the back of the car is vulnerable to dirty. The modern washdown bowl has a sloped back and a more sloping or curved front, so the water trap outside the center, toward the back of the toilet. With this "eccentric cone" design, most of the dirt falls into a pool of water at the bottom of the bowl, rather than to the surface of the toilet. Early wash basins have large areas of water on the base to minimize dirt, which requires large volumes of water to clean them effectively. The modern bowl has a smaller area, which reduces the volume of water needed to water it.
Toilet washout
Washout, or FlachspÃÆ'¼ler ("shallow flush"), the toilet has a flat platform with shallow water pool. They are rinsed by a water jar from behind that pushes the excretion into the trap below. From there, the flow of water moves it to the sewage system. The advantage of the design is that the user will not splash from below. The washout toilet has a shallow water pool where the waste is deposited, with a trapped water channel right behind this pond. Waste is cleaned from this pool of water by being swept into a trap (usually a P trap or a S-trap) and then outside into a ditch by water from flush. Washout pans belong to the first type of ceramic toilets found and since the early 1970s are now found only in a number of continental Europe areas. Toilet washout is a type of flush toilet that used to be widely used in Germany, Austria and France. It was patented in England by George Jennings in 1852 and remained the standard toilet type in England throughout the 19th century.
Examples of this type of toilets can be found in Australia, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, and some areas of Poland, although this is becoming less common.
One disadvantage of this design is that it may require the use of a more intense toilet brush to remove any dirt pieces that might leave marks on the row citation needed ] . In addition, this design presents the harm of creating a lingering odor strong because the dirt is not immersed in water immediately after excretion. Similar designs were found in some early toilets in the US, one particular brand was labeled "Grand Niagara", because flushing shelves created a waterfall effect into the channel space. [ citation needed] >] Toilet squat
In many parts of Asia, people traditionally use toilets in a squatting position. This applies to defecation and urination by men and women. Therefore, houses and public toilets have squat toilets, with toilets placed on the floor. It has the advantage of not requiring additional toilet seats and is also more comfortable for a culture where people use water to wash their genitals than toilet paper. However, Western-style toilets that are mounted on sitting heights and have plastic chairs have become popular as well. Many public toilets have a squat and toilet seat.
In western countries, instructions have been installed in some public toilets regarding proper use of toilet seats. This is to avoid breaking down the toilet or seating if someone is trying to squat on the edge.
In India, the "Anglo-Indian" design allows the same toilet to be used in a sitting or squatting position.
Valve cabinet
The valve cabinet has a valve or cover on the bowl outlet, often with a watertight seal to hold water in the pan. When the toilet flushes, the valve is opened and the water in the pan flows quickly out of the bowl to the drains, carrying the garbage with it.
The earliest type of toilet, valve cabinets are now rarely used for water-flushing toilet systems. More complicated in the design than other toilets, these designs have lower reliability and are more difficult to maintain or repair. The most common uses for valve cabinets are now in portable cabinets for caravans, campers, trains, and airplanes, in which flushing liquids are recycled. This design is also used in train cars to be used in areas where waste is left to be thrown away between lines (such toilet rinses are generally prohibited when the train is at the station).
Simple valve cabinets are used on older Russian style trains, made in East Germany (Ammendorf factory, design probably dated 1950s), using a shutter valve like a pot in the bottom of the pan and throwing waste directly into the trackbed below. Use of this type of toilet is only allowed when the train is moving, and outside the big cities. This design is being removed, along with the old train, and replaced with a modern vacuum system.
British singer Ian Wallace composed and performed the hilarious song "Never Do It at the Station", which mentions an old-fashioned trash-removal toilet still in use during the mid-20th century in England. The song is the first to suggest frugal travelers to save money by avoiding paying for toilets at the train station, but also reminding the polite passengers not to use the "toilet" onboard while the train stops at the station.
Low flow toilets and high efficiency
Since 1994, there have been significant steps to use less water for flush flush toilets. This resulted in the emergence of a low flush toilet design and local or national standards on water consumption for rinsing. In addition, some people modify existing high flush toilets to use less water by placing bricks or water bottles into the toilet water tank. Other modifications are often done on the water system itself (such as by using greywater), or systems that pollute the water less; then more efficient use of water will be achieved.
The urinary transfer tobacco toilets, developed in Sweden, conserve water by using less water, or even no water, to flush urine compared to about six liters to water the dirt.
US Standard for new toilets
Pre-1994 pre-1994 commercial and pre-1997 commercial toilets in the United States typically use 3.4 US gallons (13 μL) of water per flush (gpf or lpf). In 1992, the United States Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 1992, which mandated that from 1994 public flush toilets use only 1.6 US gallons (6.1 L). In response to the Act, producers produce low flow toilets, which many consumers dislike because they often require more than one flush to remove solids. People who are unhappy with the low performance of low-flow toilets are forced to drive across the border into Canada or Mexico, or buy toilets that are rescued from old buildings. Manufacturers respond to consumer complaints by upgrading toilets. Upgraded products are generally identified as high efficiency toilets or HETs. HET has an effective flush volume of 1.3 gallons US (4.9 liters) or less. HETs may be single-flush or dual-flush . The dual-flush toilets allow users to choose between two amounts of water, depending on whether they produce solid or liquid waste. Some HETs assisted pressure (or assisted by a or pump assistant or assisted by vacuum ).
Flush toilet performance can be assessed with Maximum Performance (MaP) score. The final result of the MaP score is 250 (250 grams of fecal matter simulation). The highest final value of the MaP is 1000. The toilet with the MaP 1000 score should provide trouble-free service. It must throw away all waste with one flush; should not be installed; should not contain odors; it should be easy to clean. The US Environmental Protection Agency used the MaP 350 score as the minimum performance threshold for HET. The 1.6 gpf toilet is also sometimes referred to as ULF toilet (Ultra Low Flow).
The methods used to cover the shortfall of low flow toilets include using thinner toilet paper, plunger, and adding additional water cups to the bowl manually.
Care and cleanliness
Clogging
If a blockage occurs, it usually results from attempts to flush unsuitable items, or too much toilet paper. Massive hair rinsing should also be avoided. However, the blockage may occur spontaneously due to limescale weathering of the sewer pipe, or by burdening the capacity of the toilet stool. Fecal capacity varies between toilet design and is based on the size of the drainage pipe, the capacity of the water tank, the flush rate, and the method by which water tries to empty the contents bowl. Feces sizes and consistency are also contributing factors, but difficult to predict.
In some countries, blockages have become more frequent due to regulations requiring the use of small, tidied toilets in an attempt to conserve water. Sometimes, three to four times regular flushing during the use of a toilet with a low flush may be necessary to prevent clogging, thus using more water than larger toilets. Designs that increase the speed of the water that is flushed or improve the travel path can improve the reliability of low flow.
Partial blockage is very dangerous, as it is not usually found immediately, but only then by unsuspecting users trying to flush the loaded toilet. Excess water mixed with dirt can then occur, depending on the volume of the bowl, tank capacity and severity of the blockage. For this reason, rooms with flush toilets can be designed as wet rooms, with a second drainage on the floor, and a shower head capable of reaching the entire floor area. Common ways to deal with blockages include the use of toilet toilets, duct cleaners or plumber snakes.
Aerosol
Studies have shown aerosol droplets produced by flushing toilets, which enter the room air. No cases of infection have been found to be found, and the risk is unknown. The fecal-oral route is demonstrated for the aerosol droplets produced by flushing the toilet. This aerosol is also called "toilet plume".
History
Ancient flush toilet system
Toilets that use water are used in the Indus Valley Civilization. The towns of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro have flush toilets in almost every home, attached to sophisticated exhaust systems. See also Sanitation Indus Valley Civilization . They also appear in Knossos and Akrotiri from the ancient Minoan civilizations of the 2nd millennium BC.
The primitive flush toilet form has been found since ancient Neolithic times. The oldest neolithic village in England, dating from around the 31st century BC, Skara Brae, Orkney, uses a form of hydraulic technology for sanitation. The village design uses the river and connects the drainage system to wash the waste.
The same toilets were used throughout the Roman Empire from the 1st century to the 5th century. A very well-preserved example is a toilet in Housesteads at Hadrian's Wall in England. Such toilets do not flush in the modern sense, but have a continuous flow of water to clean up the garbage. With the fall of the Roman Empire, this toilet system became unused.
Development of flush toilets
In 1596, Sir John Harington (1561-1612) published A New Discourse of a Stale Subject, Called Ajax Metamorphosis , describes a pioneer to a modern flush toilet installed at his home in Kelston in Somerset. The design has a flush valve to let water out of the tank, and a wash-down design to empty the bowl. He installed one for his godmother Queen Elizabeth I at Richmond Palace.
With the start of the Industrial Revolution and associated technological advances, flush toilets began to emerge into their modern form. An important advance in the pipeline is the S-trap, created by Scottish mechanic Alexander Cumming in 1775, and is still in use today. This device uses a puddle to cover the bowl outlet, preventing the discharge of dirty air from the drain. The design has a sliding valve in the socket of the bowl above the trap. Two years later, Samuel Prosser applied for a British patent for "plunger closet".
Scientific Inventor Joseph Bramah began his professional career installing a closet (toilet) based on the patented design of Alexander Cumming in 1775. He found that the model currently installed in homes in London has a tendency to freeze in cold weather. In collaboration with Mr Allen, he improved the design by replacing the usual slide valve with a hinged flap that sealed the bottom of the bowl.
He also developed a floating valve system for the flush tank. Obtaining a patent for it in 1778, he began to make a toilet in a garage on Denmark Street, St. Giles. The design was arguably the first practical flush toilet, and production continued into the 19th century, mainly used on boats.
Industrial production
It was only in the mid-19th century, with increasing levels of industrial urbanization and prosperity, that flush toilets were a widely used and marketed invention. This period coincides with the dramatic growth in sewage systems, especially in London, which makes flush toilets particularly attractive for health and sanitation reasons.
George Jennings founded a water closet manufacturing company, salt-glaze drainage, sanitaryware and sanitaryware pipe at Parkstone Pottery in the 1840s, where he popularized flush to middle-class toilets. At the Great Exhibition at Hyde Park held from May 1 to October 15, 1851, George Jennings installed his Monkey Cabinet in The Crystal Palace Retiring Rooms. This is the first public toilet (the free one does not show up until later), and they cause great excitement. During the exhibition, 827,280 visitors paid a penny to use it; for a dime they got clean seats, towels, comb, and shoe polish. "To spend a penny" becomes a (now ancient) euphemism for going to the toilet.
When the exhibition is over and move to Sydenham, the toilets must be closed. However, Jennings persuaded the organizers to keep them open, and the toilet went on to earn more than Ã, Â £ 1000 a year. He opened the first underground convenience at the Royal Exchange in 1854. He received a patent in 1852 for the refurbishment of the construction of a water closet, where pans and traps were built in equal pieces, and it formed that there was always a small quantity of water held in the pot itself, other than that in a trap that forms a water-joint. He also improved the construction of the valve, draining the trap, forcing the pump and the barrel-pump. In the late 1850s building codes indicate that most new middle class homes in British cities are equipped with water closets.
Another pioneering producer was Thomas William Twyford, who found one ceramic flush toilet. The 1870s proved to be a decisive period for the sanitary and water cabinet industries; the debate between a simple toilet basin trap made entirely of pottery and elaborate, intricate and expensive mechanical cabinets will fall under public scrutiny and expert opinion. In 1875, the "wash-out" trap water closet was first sold and found as a public preference for basin type basins. In 1879, Twyford had made his own "wash out" water closet trap type, he gave it the title "National", and became the most popular wash basin.
In the 1880s, freestanding wardrobes were sold and quickly gained popularity; the free-standing freezer can be cleaned more easily and therefore the water closet is more hygienic. The "Unity" model of Twyford stands free and is made entirely from earthenware. Throughout the 1880s he filed for further patents for repairs on launchers and sewers. Finally in 1888, he applied for patent protection for space "after watering"; the tool allows the pool to be recharged with a smaller amount of clean water in the reserve after the water cabinets are rinsed. The modern "flush-down" toilets were demonstrated by Frederick Humpherson of Beaufort Works, Chelsea, England in 1885.
Leading companies in that period published catalogs, set up showrooms in department stores and marketed their products worldwide. Twyford has a showroom for water closets in Berlin, Germany; Sydney, Australia; and Cape Town, South Africa. The Public Health Act of 1875 set strict guidelines relating to sewers, drains, water supply and toilets and lent tacit government support to a leading water closet manufacturer on that day.
Contrary to popular legend, Sir Thomas Crapper did not create a flush toilet. He, however, was at the forefront of the industry in the late 19th century, and held nine patents, three of which were for the repair of a water closet like a floating ballcock. The toilet flush was designed by inventor Albert Giblin, who received a British patent for "Unsalent Waterless Waste", a siphon disposal system. Crapper popularized the siphon system to empty the tank, replacing the previously leaked floating valve system.
Further deployment and development
Although flush toilets first appeared in England, they soon spread to the Continent. The first possible examples are the three "waterclosets" installed in the new home of Nicolay August Andresen banker at 6 Kirkegaten in Christiania, insured in January 1859. The toilets were probably imported from England, as they referred to by the English term "waterclosets" in the insurance ledger. Another early watercloset on the European continent, dating from 1860, was imported from England to be installed in Queen Victoria's room at the Ehrenburg Palace (Coburg, Germany); he is the only one who is allowed to use it.
In America, indoor toilets were introduced in the homes of the wealthy and the hotel, soon after its discovery in England in the 1880s. Toilet flush was introduced in the 1890s. William Elvis Sloan invented the Flushometer in 1906, which uses direct pressurized water from the supply line for faster recycling times between flushes. Flushometers are still used today in public toilets around the world. The vortex-flushing bowl toilets, which create a self-cleaning effect, were created by Thomas MacAvity Stewart of Saint John, New Brunswick in 1907. Philip Haas of Dayton, Ohio, made several significant improvements, including rim toilets with multiple water jets from the ring and mechanism rinsing and water recycling similar to those used today.
The Caroma Company in Australia developed Duoset cistern with two buttons and two flush volumes as a water-saving measure in 1980. The modern Duoset version is now available worldwide, and saves 67% average households from their normal water use.
Producing
The toilet body is usually made of vitreous china, which begins as an aqueous suspension of various minerals called slip. It takes about 20 pounds (44 pounds) of skid to make toilets.
This slip is poured into the space between the Paris mold plaster. The toilet bowl, rim, tank and lid tank require separate mold. Molds are assembled and prepared to fill and mold the slip filled for about an hour after it is charged. This allows the casting of the cast to absorb moisture from the slip, which makes it semisolid on the surface of the mold but lets it remain liquid even further from the mold surface. Then, the worker removes the plug to allow any residual excess fluid to be removed from the mold cavity (this excessive slip is recycled for later use). The dried out slip leaves an empty hole in the fixture, using less material to make it lighter and more flammable in the kiln. This printing process allows the creation of complex internal waste paths in the fixture; empty drain cavity poured out as a slip.
At this point, their moldless part of the toilet looks like and is as soft as the ground. After about an hour, the top mold (interior toilet) is removed. The bottom of the rim mold (which includes a place to install the retaining tank) is removed, and then has an appropriate sloping hole for the rinsing jet cut, and the mounting holes for the tanks and chairs are hollowed into the rim section. The valve hole for quick water entry to the toilet is cut into the pieces of the ream. The top of the exposed bowl is then covered with thick slippage and the unloaked rim is mounted over the bowl so the bowl and hollow rim is now a part. The bowl plus rim is then reversed, and the toilet bowl is placed upside down on the rim mold to hold the pieces as they dry. Then, all remaining scraps of mold are removed. As the clay body dries further, it gets harder and continues to shrink. After a few hours, the foundry was self-contained, and called greenware.
After the mold is removed, the worker uses hand and sponge tools to smooth the edges and surface of the green device, and to remove the molding connection or roughness: this process is called "fettling". For large-scale production, these steps can be done automatically. The sections are then left out or put into a warm room to be dried, before going through the dryer at about 93 ° C (199 ° F), for about 20-36 hours.
After the surface is trimmed, the bowl and the tank are sprayed with different types of glazes to obtain different colors. The glaze is designed to shrink and contract at the same rate as the green device while firing. After being sprayed with glaze, toilet bowls, tanks, and lids are placed in a pile on a conveyor belt or "car" that slowly passes through a large burning kiln to fire. The belt slowly moves the glazed greenware into the tunnel kiln, which has a different temperature zone in it starting at about 200 ° C (392 ° F) in front, rising toward the middle to over 1,200 ° C (2.190 ° F) degree and out about 90 ° C (194 ° F). During kiln burning, greenware and glazes are vitrified as one solid unit. The kiln transit requires glaze coated equipment about 23-40 hours.
After the pieces are removed from the kiln and cooled completely, the pieces are checked for cracks or other defects. Then, the rinsing mechanism can be installed in one part toilet. In a two-piece toilet with a separate tank, the rinsing mechanism can only be placed into the tank, with the final installation on the installation.
Cover seats and two-piece toilet lids are usually mounted over the bowl to allow covering of the toilet when not in use and to provide seating comfort. Seats can be installed in the factory, or spare parts can be sold separately and assembled by a pipe distributor or installer.
Water usage
The amount of water used by a conventional flush toilet is usually a significant part of daily personal water usage: for example, it can be as much as 50 liters (13Ã, USC gal) per person per day if someone flushes the toilet. five times per day with 10 liters per flush.
The design of modern low latrines enables the use of less water per flush - 4.5 to 6 liters (1.2 to 1.6Ã, US) per flush.
Some users do not flush their toilet after urinating, to conserve water.
Double flush toilets allow users to choose between flush for urine or feces, saving large amounts of water over conventional units. The flush handle in some of these toilets is pushed upwards for one type of flush and down for the other. In other designs, the segmented flush button is used; pressing the smaller part releases less water.
Rinsing with an irreversible water source
Rinsing of raw water, including flushing sea water, is a method of water conservation, where raw water, such as seawater, is used for flushing toilets. Such systems are used in places like the majority of cities and cities in Hong Kong (see water and sanitation supply in Hong Kong), Gibraltar, and Avalon, California, USA. Head (on the ship) is usually flushed with sea water.
Toilet flush can, if stuffed up for it, use greywater (previously used water for washing dishes, washing and bathing) for watering rather than drinking water (drinking water).
Etymology
Wardrobe
The term "water closet" ("WC") is an initial term for interior or exterior spaces with flushing toilets in contrast to earth cabinets usually outdoors and requires periodic discharge as "night ground". Initially, the term "wash-down closet" is used. The term "water cabinet" was invented in England around 1870. It did not reach the United States until the 1880s. About this time, only luxury hotels and rich people have private indoor showers. In the year 1890 in the US, there was an increase in public awareness about the theory of diseases and human waste that was disposed of in contaminated and contagious manner.
Initially, the term "bathroom" refers only to the room where the tub is located (usually a separate room has no toilet), but this connotation has changed in general use in North America. In the UK, the terms "bathroom" and "toilet" are used to indicate different functions, although bathrooms in modern homes often include toilets. The term "water closet" may be adopted because at the end of the 19th century, with the advent of indoor pipes, toilets moved the initial wardrobe, the cabinets are being renovated to easily accommodate the space requirements of a commode. Early indoor toilets have actually been known as garderobes because they are actually used for storing clothes, because the smell of ammonia is found to prevent lice and moths.
The term "water closet" now often refers to a room that has a toilet and other plumbing fixtures such as a sink or bathtub. Pipe manufacturers often use the term "water closet" to distinguish the toilet from the urinal. The American pipeline refers to the toilet as "Wardrobe" or "WC". Many European languages ​​refer to the toilet as "water" or "WC". The Royal Spanish Academy Dictionary receives "vÃÆ'¡ter" as the name for the toilet or bathroom, which is derived from the English term "water closet". In French, the expression aller aux waters ("to go to the water") comes from the "water closet". "toilet." used in French, pronounced/ve.se/. Likewise the Romanian word "veceu", pronounced/vet? Eu/, derived from abbreviated abbreviations. In German, the expression "Klo" (the first syllable "Closet") is used with "WC"
In many Asian and Chinese countries especially, "WC" is used as a universal name for toilets; many Chinese will make a signature with the index finger and thumb held in the form of "C" while the remaining three fingers of the same hand are extended to represent "W", thus indicating where they are going or possibly to explain where a person has gone.
Society and culture
Myth of swirl direction
It is a common misconception that when flushed, the water in the toilet bowl rotates one direction if the toilet is north of the equator and vice versa if south of the equator, due to the Coriolis effect - typically, counterclockwise to the north of the hemisphere, and clockwise in the hemisphere earth south. In fact, the direction the water takes is much more determined by the direction of the pointed jug bowl, and it can be made to flush both directions in the hemisphere by simply redirecting the jet rim during manufacture. On the scale of the bath and toilet, the Coriolis effect is too weak to be observed except under carefully controlled laboratory conditions.
See also
- Dry toilet
- Public toilet
- Sanitation
- Restrooms in Japan
- Thomas Maddock, started the American indoor toilet industry
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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