Carnival (see spelling and other names) is a celebration of Western Christianity and Greek Orthodox that took place before the liturgical Liturgical season. Major events usually occur during February or early March, during a period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival usually involves public celebrations or parades that incorporate some circus elements, masks, and street parties. People wear masks and costumes during such celebrations, allowing them to lose daily individuality and experience a growing sense of social unity. Excessive consumption of alcohol, meat and other foods prohibited during Lent is very common. Other common features of carnival include battle combat such as food fights; social satire and mockery of authority; odd bodies featuring exaggerated features, especially the big nose, stomach, mouth, and phalli, or animal body elements; harsh language and degrading treatment; depicting illness and death; and the general reversal of everyday rules and norms.
The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence, as well as in Greece. The Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country in Asia, also celebrates Carnival (or Mardi Gras). Historically, Evangelical Lutheran countries, this celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with high concentrations of the Anglican Church (British Church/Episcopal Church in the United States), Methodists, and other Protestants, pre-Lenten festivals, together with worship repentance, occurred on Shrove Tuesday. In the Eastern Orthodox Slavic countries, Maslenitsa was celebrated during the last week before the Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opened on 11/11 (often at 11:11 am). It dates back to the festivities before the Advent season or with the harvest feast of St. Martin Day]. {{Required citation | date = January 2017}
Video Carnival
Etymology
Vacation names derived from Latin are sometimes also spelled Carnaval , usually in areas where Dutch, German, French, Spanish and Portuguese are spoken, or Carnevale in Italian-speaking contexts. Alternate names are used for regional and local celebrations.
People's etymology states that the word is derived from the Latin phrase End carne levare , which means "separation with the flesh", indicating the rapid approach. The word
Other scholars argue that its origin is a festival of Navigium Isidis ("Ship Isis"), in which the image of Isis was brought to shore to bless the beginning of the sailing season. The festival consists of a mask parade following an ornate wooden boat, called in Latin carrus navalis , probably the source of the floating name and parade.
Maps Carnival
History
Origin
The word Carnival is the origin of Christianity, and in the Middle Ages, it refers to the period after Christmastide that peaked before midnight on Shrove Tuesday. Since Lent is a period of fasting, "Therefore the Carnival represents the last period of the feast and the celebration before the spiritual distress of Lent." Meat abundantly during this part of the Christian calendar and it is consumed during Carnival as people abstain from meat consumption duirng the following liturgical season, Lent. In the last few days of Carnival, known as Shrovetide, people have acknowledged (sought) their sins in preparation for Lent as well. In 1605, a Shrovetide drama spoke of Christians painting their faces to celebrate this season:
What, there are masques? Listen to me, Jessica:
Lock my door, and when you hear the drum And the cruel shriek of a married man,
Clamber not you get up from there,
Nor thrust your head into the public road To stare at Christian fools with varnish faces.
From an anthropological standpoint, carnival is a reversal ritual, in which social roles are reversed and norms about desired behavior are deferred,
Winter is considered a winter spirit government; this should be kicked out for summer again. Carnival, therefore, can be considered a rite of passage from darkness to light, from winter to summer: fertility celebrations, the first spring festival of the new year.
Traditionally, Carnival parties are the last chance for ordinary people to eat well, because there is usually a shortage of food in the late winter because the shops run out. Until spring produce is available, people are limited to the minimum food required during this period. In what is now called vastenavond (the days before the fasting), all remaining winter wastes of lard, butter, and remaining meat will be eaten, as this will soon begin to rot and decay. Selected animals were slaughtered in November and the meat is no longer preserved. All food that survives in winter should be eaten to ensure that everyone is fed enough to survive until next spring will provide a new food source.
Some German tribes celebrate the return of the day. Winter will be extinguished, to ensure that fertility can return in the spring. The central figure of this ritual is probably the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also, there are some indications that the statue of Nerthus or Freyr is placed on a ship by wheel and accompanied by a procession of men in disguise of animals and men in women's clothing. On board, the wedding will be perfected as a fertility ritual.
Tacitus wrote in his book Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deoc neque in the oral ullam humanitarian speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator - "However, the Germans do not consider it consistent with the splendor the celestial beings to limit the gods within the wall, or to equate them with the shape of a human face. " Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, the credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur -" cars, robes, and, if you want to believe, your own divinity, purified on a secret lake. "
Traditionally, the party is also a time to indulge in sexual desire, which should be suppressed during the next period of fasting. Before Lent begins, all rich foods and drinks are consumed in what is a great celebration involving the whole community, and is considered the origin of Carnival.
In many Christian sermons and texts, examples of a ship are used to explain Christian doctrine: "part of the church of baptism", "the ship of Mary", etc. The writings indicate that processions with carts such as ships are held and fancy parties are celebrated on the eve of Lent or spring greetings in the early Middle Ages.
The Lenten period of the liturgical calendar, six weeks before the Passover, has historically been characterized by fasting, studying, and other religious or repentant practices. During Lent, no party or celebration is held, and people refrain from eating rich foods, such as meat, milk, fat, and sugar. The first three classes are often not available during this period due to winter deficiency.
While Christian festivals such as Corpus Christi are Church-approved celebrations, Carnival is also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition, fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert, according to the New Testament, and also to reflect on Christian values. This is the time for catechumens (those who convert to Christianity) to prepare for the baptism of the Passover.
Carnival in the Middle Ages was not just a few days, but almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. Within those two months, the Christian population used some of their vacations as a way out for their daily frustrations.
Many synods and councils try to set things "right". Caesarius of Arles (470-542) protested about 500 CE in his preaching against pagan practices. Centuries later, his statement was adapted as a building block of electrical Indicator et paganiarum ("a small index of superstitious and pagan practices"), composed by the Leptines Synod in 742. It condemns Spurcalib en februario .
Pope Gregory the Great (590-604) decided that fasting would begin on Ash Wednesday. All Carnival events are set before the fast, to establish a clear division between celebration and regret. He also sent missionaries to sanctify all the advantages in popular Carnival habits. It was also customary during Carnival that the ruling class would playfully be ridiculed using masks and disguises.
In 743, the synod in Leptines (Leptines located near Binche in Belgium) spoke angrily to excesses in February. Also from the same period the sentence: "Anyone in February by a variety of less honorable actions trying to ward off winter is not a Christian, but an idolater." Recognition books of about 800 contain more information about how people will dress like animals or elderly women during the celebrations in January and February, even though this is a sin without little penance. Also in Spain, San Isidoro de Seville complained in his writings in the seventh century that people went out into the streets disguised in many cases as opposed to the opposite sex.
Development
In the Middle Ages, "Carnival and Lenten are equally necessary, an inevitable episode in the eternal cycle of the Church's year."
When forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, especially in the Catholic region, many Carnival traditions resemble those who are anti-Christian. I
While medieval contests and festivals such as Corpus Christi are church-sanctioned, Carnival is also a manifestation of medieval folk culture. Many local Carnival habits are claimed to be derived from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rituals involving masked figures at Fastnacht Swabia-Alemannic. However, the evidence is not enough to establish the immediate origin of Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. There is no complete report on surviving Saturnalia, and the general features of the party, role reversal, temporary social equity, masks, and permissible rules-breakers are not necessarily coherent festivals or connecting these festivals. This similarity can represent cultural resources that can manifest various meanings and functions. For example, the Passover begins with the resurrection of Jesus, followed by the liminal period, and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as the Carnival King comes to life, and the liminal period follows before his death. Both celebrations are counted by the lunar calendar. Both Jesus and King Carnival can be seen as a climber figure who rewards people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is eternal life in heaven, and in the case of the Carnival King, the recognition that death is an important part of the life cycle. In addition to Christian anti-Judaism, the similarities between church and carnival rituals and images show the same roots. Christ's own spirit is terrible: from the very beginning of Christianity Christ was portrayed as a victim of the summary judgment, and was tortured and executed by the Romans before the Jews ("His blood is upon us and our children!"
Some of the most famous traditions, including worldly parades and undercover balls, were first recorded in medieval Italy. The Venetian carnival is, for a long time, the most famous carnival (although Napoleon erased it in 1797 and only in 1979 the tradition was restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal, and France, and from France to New France in North America. From Spain and Portugal, it spreads with colonization to the Caribbean and Latin America. At the beginning of the 19th century in the Rhineland Germany and the South of Holland, mediated medieval traditions were also revived. Continuing in the 18th and 19th centuries, as part of the misuse of the annual Saturnalia carnival in Rome, the ghetto rabbis were forced to march through city streets under stupid guises, scorned and pelted by various missiles from the crowd.. A petition from the Roman Jewish community sent in 1836 to Pope Gregory XVI to stop the misuse of Saturnalia's anti-semitism annually gets the negation: "It is not right to make any innovation."
In Rhineland in 1823, the first modern carnival parade took place in Cologne. The upper part of the Rhineland is largely the Reformation, much like most of North Germany and Northern Europe. Carnaval ( Fasching or Fastnacht in Germany) mixes the pagan tradition with the Christian tradition. The Pre-Lenten festivities feature parades, costumes, and masks to withstand Lent's withdrawal from worldly pleasures.
Other areas develop their own traditions. In Great Britain, West Indian immigrants carry the tradition of Caribbean Carnival; However, Carnival which is now celebrated in Notting Hill, Leeds, Yorkshire, and other places became separated from their religion and became a secular event that occurred in the summer months.
Theory
Carnival Interpretations present it as a social institution that lowers or "shrinks" the higher function of thought, speech, and soul by translating it into a strange body, which serves to renew society and the world, as a threatening impulse release. the social order that ultimately reinforces social norms, as social transformations, or as a tool for different groups to focus on conflict and non-conformity by manifesting it in "unreasonable" acts.
Geographic distribution
Africa
Cape Verde Islands
Carnival was introduced by the Portuguese settlers. This celebration is celebrated in each of the nine islands inhabited in the archipelago. In Mindelo, SÃÆ'ÂÂ £ Vicente, groups challenge each other for annual prizes. It has imported various traditions of Brazil Carnival. The celebration at the more traditional SÃÆ'Â £ Nicolau, where well established groups paraded through Ribeira Brava, gathered in the town square, despite having adopted drums, buoys and costumes from Brazil. In SÃÆ'Â £ Nicolau, three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul, and Brilho Da Zona, build buoys painted using fire, newspapers for molds, and iron and steel for structures. Carnival SÃÆ'Â £ Nicolau is celebrated for three days: the dawn of Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday. The celebration was recorded in the award-winning Tchindas documentary, nominated for the 12th African Movie Academy Awards.
Seychelles
The Seychelles Carnival begins in 2011. It is held in the capital city of Victoria and lasts for three days. On Day 1, the opening is held in the city center near the clock tower. The second day is the day of the parade. On Day 3, the closing ceremony is held, and the lottery winner is announced.
Zimbabwe
Harare Carnival was held late May. Events include fashion and music events. The highlight is a street party featuring costumes and music.
America
Antigua
The Antiguan Carnival is held from late July to first Tuesday in August. The most important day is the day of j'ouvert (or juvÃÆ' Â © ), in which brass and steel drum bands perform. Barbuda's carnival, held in June, is known as "Caribana". The Antiguan and Barbudan Carnivals replaced the Old Christmas Festival in 1957, in the hope of inspiring tourism. Argentina
In Argentina, the most representative carnival is called Murga, although other famous Carnival, more like Brazil, is held in Mesopotamia Argentina and the Northeast. GualeguaychÃÆ'º in eastern province Entre RÃÆ'os is the most important carnival city and has one of the largest parades. It adopts a musical background similar to a Brazilian or Uruguayan Carnival. Corrientes is another city with a Carnival tradition. Chamamà ©  © is a popular music style. In all the big cities and cities all over the country, Carnival is celebrated.
When Carnival coincides with summer in the Southern Hemisphere, in many parts the Argentine children play with water. The 19th century tradition of filling empty eggshells with water has evolved into a water game that includes throwing water balloons.
Aruba
Carnival in Aruba means weeks of events with colorful floating buoys, throbbing music, luxurious costumes of all ages, Kings and Queens election, thrilling parade and glowing torches, Jouvent morning: Children's Parade, and finally Grand Parade. Aruba's biggest celebration is a month-long affair consisting of lively "jumps", spectacular parades, and creative contests. Flamboyant music and costumes play a central role, from Queen's election to Grand Parade. Street parades continue in various districts throughout the month, with brass bands, steel drums and street songs. On the night before Lent, Carnival ended with the symbolic burning of King Momo.
Bahamas
Junkanoo is the main street parade in the Bahamas, has been practiced in the Bahamas before and after the release of 1834 slavery in the United Kingdom.
In an effort to capitalize on Carnival's popularity, the Bahamas announced the first Junkanoo Bahamas Carnival will begin in May 2015.
Barbados
Carnival is known as "Crop Over" and Barbados's biggest festival. The beginning was in sugarcane plantations during the colonial period. Crop Over began in 1688, and featured singing, dancing, and accompaniment by shak-shak, banjo, triangle, violin, guitar, water-filled bottle, and bone. Other traditions include climbing hammers, parties, and a well-oiled drinking competition. Originally marking the end of the annual sugarcane harvest, it evolved into a national festival. At the end of the 20th century, Crop Over began to bounce off Trinidad's Carnival. Starting in June, Crop Over lasts until the first Monday in August when it ends at the end of the season, Grand Kadooment.
Carnival Time for many islanders is one big party. Craft markets, food stalls/kiosks, street parties, and cavalades are filled weekly.
The main feature is the calypso competition. Calypso music, originally from Trinidad, uses syncope rhythms and topical lyrics. It offers a medium for analyzing local politics, in the midst of common bacchanal. The Calypso tent, also originated in Trinidad, features a cadre of musicians who do social commentary biting, political exposure or insistence on "wuk dah waistline" and "roll dat bumper". The groups compete for the Calypso Monarch Award, while the air is filled with the smell of Bajan cuisine during the Bridgetown Market Street Fair. The Cohobblopot festival combines dance, drama, and music with the coronation of King and Queen band costume. Every night the "Pic-o-de-Crop" show was performed after King Calypso was finally crowned. The highlight of the festival is Kadooment Day, celebrated with a national holiday, when costume bands fill the streets with rhythmic rhythms and fireworks.
Belize
San Pedro is one of several Belize cities to observe Carnaval before Lent. Elsewhere, Carnaval (sometimes referred to as Carnival) often occurs in September. Fiesta de Carnaval is often the most popular celebration, usually held for three days before Ash Wednesday, but the celebration usually lasts up to a full week. The festival "always includes music, dance, costumes, and parades."
Comparisons are held throughout the week, consisting of a large group of "dancers dancing and traveling on the streets, followed by Carrosa (train) where the musicians play.The Comparsa is the development of an African procession in which the group of followers follows the given saint or god during certain religious festivals. "One of the most popular comparisons in the Fiesta de Carnaval is the male comparsa group, usually composed of prominent people from a community dressed in strange costumes or crosswords and dancing to compete for money and prizes. Other popular activities include body painting and flour fighting. "On the last day carnival painters flooded the way to paint each other, which means that a mix of watercolors and raw water or eggs is used to paint people on the streets, the goal is to paint as many people as you can."
Street fights often occur during celebrations - some locals treat the festival as an opportunity to take revenge on their enemies. Vandalism is commonplace and "businesses must constantly prepare to cover or repaint their ads during the Carnival season because of the mischief done." Tradition continues despite critics advocating the cessation of these festivals.
Bolivia
La Diablada The carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the patron saint of miners, VÃÆ'rgen de Socavon (Virgin of the Tunnel). More than 50 groups of parades dance, sing and play five kilometers of music. Participants dressed up like demons, demons, angels, Incas, and the Spanish conquistadors. Dances include caporales and tinkus. The march lasts from morning till late at night, 18 hours a day, for three days before Ash Wednesday. It was declared "Masterpiece of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" 2001 by UNESCO. Across the country, celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the east side of the country, tropical weather allows Brazilian-type carnival, with Comparsas dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms.
Brazil
Carnival in Brazil is a major part of Brazilian culture. Sometimes referred to by the Brazilians as "The Greatest Show on Earth". The first true Carnival expression of this Brazilian party, officially recognized by Brazilian historians, took place in Rio de Janeiro, with the prestige stitos, very similar to a musical procession, in 1641, when John IV of Portugal was crowned Kings and parties are celebrated on public streets.
Rio de Janeiro
The street carnival of Rio de Janeiro is set by Guinness World Records as the largest carnival in the world, with about two million people every day.
Samba schools are large, social entities with thousands of members and themes for their songs and parades every year. At Rio Carnival, samba schools parade in Sambadrome ( sambÃÆ'³dromo in Portuguese). Some of the most famous include GRES EstaÃÆ'§ÃÆ' £ o Primeira de Mangueira, GRES Portela, GRES Imperatriz Leopoldinense, GRES Beija-Flor de NilÃÆ'³polis, GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel, and more recently, Unidos da Tijuca and GRES UniÃÆ' Did Ilha do Governador. Local tourists pay $ 500-950, depending on the costumes, to buy samba costumes and dance in parades. Blocos is a small informal group with a definite theme in their samba, usually insinuating the political situation. About 30 schools in Rio collect hundreds of thousands of participants. Over 440 blocos operates in Rio. Bandas is a samba music band, also called a "street carnival band", usually formed in a single environment or music. The Carnival industrial chain collects in 2012 nearly US $ 1 billion in revenue.
Recife, Pernambuco
Recife is marked by the largest parade of carnival blocks in the world, Galo da Madrugada. This parade takes place on the first Saturday of Carnival (Saturday from ZÃÆ'Ã… © Pereira), passes downtown Recife and has, as a symbol, a giant chicken positioned on the Duarte Coelho Bridge. Within this block, there are various rhythms of music, but most present are Frevo (a typical rhythm of Recife and Olinda that is declared Unbeac's Intangible Cultural Heritage by Unesco).
Salvador, Bahia
Salvador has a great carnival celebration, including Axà ©, typical Bahia music. A truck with giant speakers and platforms, where musicians play songs from local genres such as AxÃÆ' ©, samba-reggae, and Arrocha, passing through the city with the crowd following while dancing and singing. Originally staged by two Salvador musicians, Dodo & amp; Osmar, in the 1950s. After Carnival of Salvador, Porto Seguro continues the celebration.
Three circuits form the festival. Campo Grande is the longest and most traditional. Barra-Ondina is the most famous, on the beaches of Barra Beach and Ondina Beach and Pelourinho.
International singers like David Guetta, will.i.am, Psy, and Bob Sinclar have performed in Salvador. Ivete Sangalo, Claudia Leitte, Daniela Mercury, Margareth Menezes, Chiclete com Banana, and Banda Eva are some of the traditional attractions. The party officially takes six days, but it can continue for more than that.
Canada
Caribana, held in Toronto during the first weekend of August, has its origins in the Caribbean Carnival tradition. To take advantage of the more comfortable weather, the Caribana is held in the summer. Attendance at the parade usually exceeds one million.
Quebec Winter Carnival is the largest winter-themed carnival in the world. It depends on the snowfall and the very cold weather, to keep the snow ski tracks in good condition and the frozen ice sculpture. Carnival was held during the last days of January and the first days of February.
In the Ottawa-Gatineau area, Winterlude lasts for February.
Caribbean
Most Caribbean islands celebrate Carnival. The largest and most famous is in Trinidad and Tobago. Antigua, Aruba, Barbados, Bonaire, Cayman Islands, Cuba, CuraÃÆ'§ao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Saba, Sint Eustatius (Statia), Sint Maarten, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts, Saint Thomas, the US Virgin Islands, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines host a long carnival season and great celebrations.
Carnival is an important cultural event in the Dutch Caribbean. Excitement includes "skipping" the parade with beautiful colorful costumes, buoys, and live bands, as well as beauty contests and other competitions. The celebrations included a midnight j'ouvert ( juvÃÆ' Â © ) parade that ended at sunrise by burning the straw of King Momo, cleaning up sin and bad luck. In Statia, he was called Prince of Stupid.
Carnival has been celebrated in Cuba since the 18th century. The participants wore costumes from various cultures and ethnicities of this island. After the Communist Revolution Fidel Castro, the carnival's religious nuances were suppressed. Events are fixed, though favored by the state. Carnival celebrations have declined throughout Cuba since then.
Colombian
Carnival was introduced by the Spaniards and incorporated elements of European culture. This has succeeded in reinterpreting the traditions that belong to the African and Amerindian cultures of Colombia. Documentary evidence shows that Carnival was in Colombia in the 18th century and has been a cause of concern for colonial rulers, censoring celebrations, especially in key political centers such as Cartagena, BogotÃÆ'¡, and PopayÃÆ'¡n.
Carnival continues its evolution in small/insignificant cities from the view of the rulers. The result was a relentless Carnival festivals celebration in Barranquilla (see Barranquilla Carnival), now recognized as one of the Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage Masterpieces. The Barranquilla Carnival includes several parades on Friday and Saturday nights starting on January 11 and ending with a six-day non-stop festival, starting on Wednesday before Ash Wednesday and ending Tuesday midnight. Other celebrations take place in villages along the lower Magdalena River in northern Colombia, and in Pasto and NariÃÆ'Â ± o (see Black and White Carnival) in the south of the country. At the beginning of the 20th century, attempts to introduce Carnival in BogotÃÆ'¡ were rejected by the government. The BogotÃÆ'¡ Carnival was updated in the 21st century.
Dominican
Carnival in Dominica is held in the capital Roseau, and takes the elements of carnival that can be seen on the neighboring islands of France, Martinique and Guadeloupe, as well as Trinidad. Important events leading to Carnival include Carnival celebration, Monarch Calypso music competition, Queen of Carnival Beauty Pageant, and bouyon music bands. The celebrations take place for Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday.
Dominican Republic
The Dominican carnival is celebrated in most cities and towns on the main streets during February. Among its main characteristics are the flashy costumes and loud music. It is held at La Vega, which is one of the largest in the country, and the national parade in Santo Domingo is where the first Carnival in America is held.
Carvnival masks are complicated and colorful. The costumes used in the parade are satirical devils and are called "Diablos Cojuelos". They dance, and run to the rhythms of merengue music mixed with techno, hip-hop, and reggaeton. Additional allegorical characters represent Dominican traditions such as "Roba la Gallina" and "CalifÃÆ' Ã… ©".
One of the most international parades is in San Pedro de MacorÃÆ's. It shows a parade of "Guloyas" from costumed groups dancing on the streets. Visitors reveled from "Diablos Cojuelos" who tried to hit them with "Vejigas".
The time of the festival has grown from its original religious synchronization to the Lenten period. With National Independence Day on 27 February and the birthday of Juan Pablo Duarte, founding father, on January 26, Carnival celebrations filled February apart from the Lenten calendar.
Ecuador
In Ecuador, celebrations begin before the arrival of Catholicism. The Huarangas Indians (from the Chimbos) used to celebrate the second month of the year with a festival where they threw flour, flowers, and perfumed water. This native tradition joined the celebration of Catholic Carnival.
A common feature of the Ecuadorian Carnival is the diablitos (little devil) playing with water. Like a snowball fight, the practice of throwing or throwing water at an unreproved victim is respected by children and adolescents despite being feared by some adults. Throwing water balloons, sometimes even eggs and flours good for friends and strangers is fun, but also can anger people who do not know anything.
Although government and school authorities ban such games, they are widely practiced. Historians tell of a bishop in 1867 who threatened the excommunication of the sin of playing a Carnival game.
Festivals are different across the country. The locals wore disguises with masks and colorful dances. Typically, the festivities begin with the selection of the Taita Carnival (Father Carnival) who heads the celebrations and leads the parade in every city.
The most famous carnivals are in Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province). In Ambato, this celebration is called Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas (Festival of Flowers and Fruits). Other cities have rekindled Carnival traditions with colorful parades, such as in Azogues (CaÃÆ'n ar province). In Azogues and the South Andes in general, Taita Carnival is always a native CaÃÆ' Â ± ari tribe. Recently, a celebration has become famous in the northern part of the Andes in the Chota Valley in Imbabura which is a robust Afro-Ecuadorian zone and therefore Carnival is celebrated with the music of the del chota bomba.
Latacunga celebrates Carnival in three manners: Carnival with water where people play with water, religious carnivals where people hold religious celebrations, and Carnival parades in the city where people march on the streets Latacunga wear masks as they dance with music bands.
French Guiana
Carnival French Guiana has its roots in Creole culture. Everyone participates - mainland France, Brazil (Guyana has border with Brazil), and China and Creole.
Its duration varies, determined by a moving religious festival: Carnival begins in Epiphany and ends on Ash Wednesday, and usually lasts for most of January and February. During this period, from Friday night to Monday morning the entire country pulsates following the rhythm of masked balls and street parades.
Friday afternoon is to eat the galette des rois (cake king) and drink champagne. The cake may be flavored with frangipani, guava, or coconut.
On Sunday afternoons, large parades fill the streets of Cayenne, Kourou, and Saint-Laurent du Maroni. Competing groups prepare for months. Dressed to follow this year's agreed theme, they march with carnival buoys, drums, and brass bands.
Brazilian groups are rewarded for their elaborate and sequined costumes. However, they are not eligible for competition because the costumes do not change over time.
The mythical characters appear regularly in the parade:
- Karolin - a small person wearing a magpie's tail and a hat, riding a mouse.
- Les NÃÆ'¨g'marrons - a group of men dressed in red wire, carrying ripe tomatoes in their mouths while their bodies are smeared with fat or molasses. They deliberately try to connect with the audience, soiling their clothes.
- Les makoumÃÆ' © s - cross-dressing men (out of the Carnival context, makoumà ©  © is a derogatory term for a homosexual).
- Soussouris (bats) - characters dressed in winged tricot from head to toe, usually black. Traditionally evil, these characters tend to chase the audience and "sting" them.
The unique creole tradition is touloulous . These women wore decorative gowns, gloves, masks, and headdresses that covered them completely, making them unrecognizable, even on their skin tone. On Friday and Saturday nights of Carnival, a touloulou ball is held in the so-called "university", a large dance hall open only at Carnival time. Touloulous get free, and even given condoms for the benefit of people's sexual health. The men attend the ball, but they pay in and do not disguise. The touloulous choose their dancing partner, who may not refuse. This arrangement is designed to make it easier for a woman to create a temporary relationship with a man with total anonymity. Women who are not disguised are not welcome. Traditionally, if a woman like that dances, the orchestra stops playing. Alcohol is served at the bar - the undercover woman whispers to the "touloulou thirsty" people, where a round of drinks is expected, to be drunk through a straw protecting their anonymity.
In more modern times, Guyana people have tried to turn the tables with staging soybeans, where people who, in disguise, seek partners from undercover female observers.
The last four days of Carnival follow a rigid schedule, and no work is done:
- Sunday - The Grand Parade, where groups compete.
- Monday - Mediocre marriage, with men dressed bride and woman as a groom.
- Tuesday - Red Devils Day where everyone is wearing red or black.
- (Ash) Wednesday - A black and white dress only, for a big ceremony burning a Vaval statue, the Carnival King.
Guatemala
The most famous Carnival celebration in Guatemala is in Mazatenango. During February, Mazatenango is famous for its eight-day Carnival Party. The days of food, music, parades, and games filled the streets of the department Suchitepà © quez. As the Guatemalan website states, "Mentioning the Mazatenango Carnival is to remind happy and gracious party moments." In the eight days of the celebration's duration, local people have revived the Department's traditions. "
Haiti
Carnival in Haiti began in 1804 in the capital Port-au-Prince after the declaration of independence. Carnival Port-au-Prince is one of the largest in North America. This is known as Kanaval in Creole. It started in January, known as "Pra-Kanaval", while the main carnival activity began in February. In July 2012, Haiti has another carnival called Kanaval de Fleur. Beautiful costumes, buoys, Rara parades, masks, food, and popular rasin music (such as Boukman Eksperyans, Foula Vodoule, Tokay, Boukan Ginen, and Eritaj) and compa bands (such as T-Vice, Djakout No. 1, Sweet Micky, KreyÃÆ'²l Ã, La, DP Express, Mizik Mizik, Ram, T-Micky, Carimi, Djakout Mizik, and Scorpio Fever) play for dancers on the streets of the Champ-de-Mars square. Annual song competition takes place.
Other places in Haiti celebrate the carnival, including Jacmel and Aux Cayes. In 2013, Kanaval is celebrated in Okap (Cap-HaÃÆ'¯tien).
Carnival finished on Ash Wednesday, followed by rara, another musical tradition of pemarak known mainly in Haiti and in the Dominican Republic. This festival emphasizes religion. Songs are compiled every year, and bands play bamboo tubes ( vaccines ) and homemade horns ( konÃÆ'¨t ). Rara is also done at Prospect and Central Park in the summer of New York.
Honduras
At La Ceiba in Honduras, Carnival is held on the fourth Saturday of May to commemorate San Isidro. This is the biggest Carnival celebration in Central America.
Mexico
In Mexico, Carnival is celebrated in about 225 cities and towns. The largest is in MazatlÃÆ'¡n and the city of Veracruz, with others in Baja California and YucatÃÆ'¡n. Bigger city carnival uses costumes, elected queens, and parades with buoys, but Carnival celebrations in smaller areas and villages vary greatly depending on the degree of European influence during the colonial period of Mexico. The biggest one is in Huejotzingo, Puebla, where most townspeople take part in artificial combat with a blank firing rifle, roughly based on the Battle of Puebla. Other important countries with local traditions include Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala, and Chiapas. Carnavel of Campeche is over 400 years old.
Nicaragua
On the Caribbean coast of Bluefields, Nicaragua, Carnival is better known as "Palo de Mayo" (or Mayo Ya!) And is celebrated every May.
In Managua, it was celebrated for two days. There it is named Alegria por la vida ("Joy for Life") and features a different theme every year. Other festivals in Managua celebrate the patron saint Domingo de Guzman and last for ten days.
Panama
Traditionally began on Friday and ends on Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, "los Carnavales", as Panamanians refer to Carnival days, celebrated throughout the country. Carnival Week is very popular because of luxury Las Tablas Carnival as well as Carnival celebrations in Panama City and almost all of the Azuero Peninsula. The Panamanian Carnival is also popular because of the concerts in the most visited areas.
Peru
Cajamarca
The city of Cajamarca is considered the capital of Carnival in Peru. Locals of all ages are dancing around unsha , or yunsa , trees decorated with ribbons, balloons, toys, fruits, liquor bottles, and other gifts.
At some point, Mayordomo (party governor) enters the circle. The governor chooses a partner to go to unsha , which they try to cut down by striking him three times with a machete. The machete is passed from couple to couple as each tree strikes three times. When the unsha finally falls, the crowd rushes to take the prize.
The man who succeeded in un- granting the unsha became governor the following year.
Violence
Peru's carnival consists mainly of violent games that runs through February, extending until early March if Ash Wednesday falls in March, but rarely ends when February. Citing the police chief of Lima, "The Carnival is linked to a criminal offense." It has huge consequences.
Peru's carnival combines elements of violence and reflects urban violence in Peruvian society following Peru's internal conflict. Traditionally, Peruvian Andean celebrations are held in this period every year due to the monsoon season. It was already violent during the 19th century, but the government restricted the practice. During the early twentieth century, it consisted of partying and parading, while in the second half of the 20th century, it acquired the characteristic of ongoing violence. It was banned, first off the street in 1958 and all in 1959 by the Prado government. Basically it consists of fighting water in the traditional way, while in the following years, it includes playing with dirty water, mud, oil, and coloring - and also includes battles and sometimes loot private property and sexual assault on women. This has been the reason for criminal groups to rob people while pretending to be celebrating. In 2010, it became so hard that the government sentenced up to eight years in prison for violence during the game. (The game itself is not forbidden, but it uses violence during the game or forces others to participate.)
At the end of the Carnival season, in the inner Peru cities (and more recently in the big cities as well), it is the custom of cutting trees, called "yunsa" in the mountains and "humisha" in the forest.
Puerto Rico
The most popular festivals in Puerto Rico are Carnaval de Loiza and Carnaval de Ponce. Carnaval de Ponce (officially "Carnaval PonceÃÆ' Â ± o") is celebrated every year in Ponce. The celebration lasts for one week and ends on the day before Ash Wednesday. This is one of the oldest carnivals of the Western Hemisphere, since 1858. Some authorities track Ponce Carnaval in the 18th century.
Trinidad and Tobago
In Trinidad & amp; Tobago, Carnival lasted for months and culminated in a major celebration on three days before Ash Wednesday with Dimanche Gras, J'ouvert, and Mas (in disguise). The Tobago celebration peaks on Mondays and Tuesdays on a much smaller scale. Carnival combines costumes, dance, music, competition, rums, and fete (fete-ing). Musical styles include soca, calypso, rapso, and recently Chutney soca.
The annual Carnival steel pan competition known as the National Panorama competition holds the finals on Saturday before the main event. Pan Players compete in categories like "Conventional Steel Band" or "Single Pan Band" by performing rendition of calypsos this year.
"Dimanche Gras" takes place on Sunday night before Abu Wednesday. Here Calypso Monarch is chosen (after the competition) and prize money and vehicles are awarded. King and Queen bands were crowned, in which each band bruised the costumes for two days and handed over the king and queen, from which the overall winner was chosen. This usually involves very well-crafted, elaborate, and beautiful costumes, which include 'wire-bending'.
J'ouvert, or "Dirty Mas", takes place before dawn on Monday (known as Carnival Monday) before Ash Wednesday. That means "day opening". Revelers dressed in costume embodies the current game, especially political and social events. "Clean Mud" (mud clay), oil paint and body paint are familiar during J'ouvert. The common characters are "Jab-jabs" (devils, blue, black, or red) complete with pitchforks, pointed horns and tails. A King and Queen J'ouvert were chosen, based on their political/social message.
Carnival Monday involves a mas band parade. The joyful people only wear some of their costumes, more for fun than the look or competition. Monday Malam Mas is popular in most cities and especially the capital, where small bands compete. There is also a "Bomb Competition", a smaller appraisal of steel bands.
Carnival Tuesday hosted the main event. Complete costume worn, complete with make-up and body paint/jewelry. Usually "Mas Boots" that complete the costume worn. Each band has their costume presentation based on a particular theme, and contains various sections (some consisting of thousands of revelers) that reflect these themes. Street parade and band costume competition take place. The mas bands finally gathered at Queen's Park Savannah to continue "The Stage" for grading. The singer of the most played song was crowned as Road March King or Queen, getting prize money and usually a vehicle.
This parade and orgies lasts until midnight Tuesday. Ash Wednesday itself, while not an official holiday, sends livestock to the local coast. The most popular ones are Maracas Beach and Manzanilla Beach, where a large beach party takes place on Ash Wednesday.
United States
The most widely known, elaborate, and popular US event is in New Orleans where the Carnival season is called Mardi Gras. Krewes arranges parades, balls, and other activities. Most of Louisiana's cities such as Lake Charles, Baton Rouge, Shreveport, Lafayette, Mamou, Houma, and Thibodaux, mostly under French control at one time or another, also held Carnival celebrations. In the northwestern steppe country of Lafayette, Louisiana, Cajun celebrates the traditional Courir de Mardi Gras, which is rooted in the celebrations of medieval French countryside.
Carnival celebrations, commonly referred to as Mardi Gras ("Fat Tuesday" in French), were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area, but now occur in many states. Customs came from the French colonial capital, Mobile (now in Alabama), New Orleans (Louisiana), and Biloxi (Mississippi), all of which have been celebrated for years with street parades and masked balls. Other major American cities with celebrations include Washington, D.C.; St. Louis; San Francisco; San Diego; Galveston, Texas; and Miami, Pensacola, Tampa, and Orlando in Florida.
Carnival is celebrated in New York City in Brooklyn. As in Britain, Carnival time apart from the Christian calendar and celebrated on Labor Day, Monday, in September. It's called the Labor Day Carnival, West India Day Parade, or Carnival of West India Day, and was founded by immigrants from Trinidad. The country has one of the largest Caribbean carnivals. In the mid-20th century, West Indians moved the event from the beginning of Lent to Labor Day weekend. Carnival is one of the largest parades and street festivals in New York, with over a million attendees. The parade, consisting of steel bands, buoys, elaborate carnival costumes, and sound trucks, continued along the Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights neighborhood.
Starting in 2013, the Slovenian-American community located in St. Clair-Superior from Cleveland began hosting the local version of Kurentovanje, a Carnival event held in the city of Ptuj, Slovenia. The event was held on Saturday before Ash Wednesday.
Mardi Gras celebrations spread to other areas, such as the Mississippi Valley area, St. Louis, Missouri; Orlando, Florida at Universal Studios and at the Gaslamp Quarter of San Diego.
Uruguay
Carnival in Uruguay lasts more than 40 days, generally starting towards the end of January and running until mid-March. The celebrations in Montevideo are the largest. The festival is performed in a European parade style with elements from the Bantu and Angola Benguela cultures imported with slaves in colonial times. The main attractions of the Uruguayan carnival include two colorful parades called the Desfile de Carnaval (Carnival Parade) and Desfile de Llamadas (Parade Calling, a parade of candombe-summoning).
During the celebration, the theater called tablados was built in many places throughout the city, especially in Montevideo. Traditionally shaped by men and now beginning to open for women, different Carnival groups (Murgas, Lubolos, or Parodistas) perform a kind of popular opera on tablados, singing and dancing songs that are generally related to social situations and politics. The 'Call' groups, essentially formed by drummers who play tambouril, perform rhythmic candombes. Carnival in Uruguay also has escolas de samba, and the largest samba parade is in Artigas and in Montevideo. The people who revel in their festival dress. Each group has its own theme. Women who wear elegant and bright dresses are called vedettes and give a sensual touch to the parade.
European archetypes (Pierrot, Harlequin and Columbina) join the elements of African ancestry (Old Mother or Mama Vieja , Human Medicine or Gramillero and Magician or Escobero >) at the festival.
Venezuela
Carnival in Venezuela covers two days, 40 days before Easter. This is a time when young people in many small towns are experiencing water fights (including the use of water balloons and water rifles). Each pedestrian is at risk of immersion. Coastal cities and provinces are celebrating Carnival more passionately than elsewhere in the country. Venezuelans consider Carnival the same way they regard Christmas and Semana Santa (Holy Week; week before Easter Sunday) when they take the opportunity to visit their families.
Asia
India
In India, Carnival is celebrated only in the state of Goa and the Roman Catholic tradition, where it is known as Intruz which means "swindler" while Entrudo is the right word in Portuguese for "Carnival". The biggest celebration takes place in the city of Panjim, which is part of the Velha Conquista in Goa, but is now celebrated throughout the state. This tradition was introduced by the Portuguese who ruled Goa for more than four centuries. On Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, the European tradition of Fat Tuesday is celebrated by eating crepes, also called "AleBelle". The crepes are filled with fresh grated coconut and hot viscous coconut sap which sequentially turns it into a sweet molasses of chocolate; the additional heat concentration converts it into jaggery. Carnival peak celebrations for three days and nights and ahead of Abu Wednesday, when the legendary King Momo took over the country. The whole night parade takes place across the state with bands, dances, and buoys. Big balls are held at night.
Although Portugal introduced Christianity and customs associated with Catholic practices in India and Brazil, celebrations in Goa such as Portugal have begun to adopt some aspects of Brazilian-style carnival celebrations, especially in Rio de Janeiro with luxury parades, sambas and other musical. element.
Indonesia
In Indonesia, the word "carnival" or carnival is not related to the pre-Lenten festivities, but more to the festivals in general, especially those with fancy processions and costumes. One of the biggest carnivals in Indonesia is the Solo Batik Carnival, held in Solo, Central Java. Jember Fashion Carnaval was held in Jember, East Java.
The Roman Catholic community in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, holds an Easter procession in Easter Easter form called the Kupang Easter Parade .
Israel
Turki
For nearly five centuries, local Greek communities throughout Istanbul celebrated Carnival with weeks of lascivious parades, fancy balls, and street parties. This continued for weeks before Lent. Baklahorani takes place on Shrove Monday, the last day of the carnival season. The event was led by the Greek Orthodox community, but the celebrations were general and inter-communal. The last celebration is located in Kurtulu? district. In 2010, the festival was revived.
Europe
Belgium
Many parts of Belgium celebrate Carnival, usually with parade of costumes, partying and fireworks. These areas include Aalst, Binche, Eupen, Halle, Heist, Kelmis, Maaseik, Malmedy, and Stavelot.
Carnival Binche dates at least into the 14th century. The parade is held for three days before Lent; the most important participant was Gilles, who wore traditional costumes at Shrove Tuesday and threw blood oranges into the crowd. In 2003, Carnival Binche was recognized as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage. Carnival Aalst, which is celebrated for three days before Ash Wednesday, received the same recognition in 2010.
The Malmedy carnival is locally called CwarmÃÆ'ª . Even if Malmedy is located in eastern Belgium, near the German-speaking area, CwarmÃÆ'ª is a pure Walloon and a Latin carnival. The celebration lasted for four days before Shrove Tuesday. The CwarmÃÆ'ª Sunday is the most important and urgent to look at. All the parade of ancient traditional costumes on the street. The CwarmÃÆ'ª is a "street carnival" and not just a parade. People are disguised through the crowd and do part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at CwarmÃÆ'ª from Malmedy are HaguÃÆ'¨te , LonguÃÆ'¨s-BrÃÆ'¨sses , and Long-NÃÆ'Â © .
Several cities in Belgium held Carnival during Lent. One of the most famous is Stavelot, where the Carnival de la Laetare takes place on Laetare Sunday, Sunday Lent. Fourth. Participants included Blancs-Moussis , dressed in white, carrying long red noses and parades through towns that attacked audiences with confetti and dried pork corks. The town of Halle also celebrates Laetare Sunday. The oldest parade in Belgium is the Maaseik Carnival Parade, also held at Laetare Sunday, dating from 1865.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the big city of Croatia, Ljubu? Ki, organized a traditional Carnival (Bosnian: Karneval ). Ljubu? Ki is a member of the European Carnival City Federation (FECC).
Croatian
The most famous Croatian carnival (Croatian: karneval , also called ma? Kare or fa? Ni ) is the Rijeka Carnival, where the mayor of Rijeka handed over key to the city to the Carnival master ( me? tar od karnevala ). The festival includes several events, culminating in the last Sunday in a masked procession. (The same procession for children happened the previous weekend.)
Many towns in the Croatian Kvarner region (and elsewhere in the country) observe the Carnival period, incorporating local traditions and celebrating local culture. Some cities and places are Grobnik, Permani, Kastav and many other places near Rijeka. Just before the end of Carnival, every town of Kvarner burns a human-like doll called "Pust", which is blamed for all the previous year's disputes. The Zvon? Ari, or bell-ringers pushed away the winter and all the bad things last year and called in spring, they were wearing bells and large head regalia representing their home areas (for example, people from Halubje wearing regalia in the shape of animal heads). The traditional carnival food is a fritule, a cake. This festival can also be called Poklade.
Masks are used for many celebrations, including concerts and parties. Children and teachers are usually allowed to wear masks to school for a day, and also wear masks at a dance school or play a trick-or-treat. Carnival also takes place in summer. One of the most famous is the Senj Summer Carnival - first celebrated in 1968. Cres Towns, Pags, Novi Vinodolski, and Fu? Ine also hosts Summer Carnivals.
Cyprus
Carnival has been celebrated in Cyprus for centuries. This tradition was probably founded under Venetian rule around the 16th century. It may be influenced by the Greek tradition, such as celebrations for gods like Dionysus. The celebration initially involves dressing up costumes and holding a masked ball or visiting friends. In the 20th century, it became an event held for 10 days before Lent (according to the Greek Orthodox calendar). The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of Limassol.
Three major parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, where the "Carnival King" (either the man in the costume or the statue) rises through the city in his carriage. The second was held on the first Sunday of the festival, and the participants were mainly children. The third and greatest occurred on the last day of Carnival and involved hundreds of people walking in costumes along the city's longest street. The last two parades are open to anyone who wants to participate.
Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, the Masopust Festival takes place from Epiphany ( Den t? ÃÆ' krÃÆ'¡l? ) via Ash Wednesday ( Popele? NÃÆ' st? Eda ). The word masopust translates literally from old Czech into "fast meat", and festivals often include pork feasts. This tradition is most common in Moravia but also occurs in Bohemia. While the exercises vary, masks and costumes are present everywhere.
Denmark and Norway
Carnival in Denmark is called Fastelavn , and is held on Sunday or Monday before Ash Wednesday. Vacation is sometimes described as a Nordic Halloween, with children dressed in costumes and a feast for the Fastelavn feast. One of the popular habits is fastelavnsris , a button kids use to blow up their parents to wake them up on Fastelavns Sunday.
In Norway, students who have seen celebrations in Paris introduced Carnival processions, masked balls, and Carnival balls to Christiana in the 1840s and 1850s. From 1863, the Kunstnerforeningen artist's federation held an annual Carnival ball at an old Freemason inn, which inspired the compositions of Johan Svendsen Norsk Kunstnerkarneval and Karneval in Paris . The following year, Svenden Festpolonaise was written for the opening procession. Edvard Grieg attended and wrote "Aus dem Karneval" ( Folkelivsbilleder Op. 19). Since 1988, student organization TÃÆ'  ¥ rnseilerne has produced an annual masquerade ball in Oslo, with masks, costumes, and processions after attending opera performances. The Carnival season also includes Fastelavens sÃÆ'¸ndag (with creamy bread) and fastelavensris with decorated branches.
English
In England, the season immediately before Lent was called Shrovetide. The moment to confess sin ("shriving"), it has fewer celebrations than the Continental Carnival. Today, Shrove Tuesday is celebrated as Pancake Day, but little of the Lenten Shrovetide survives from the 16th century British Reformation. The Shrovetide Carnival in England is celebrated in Cowes and East Cowes on the Isle of Wight. Since 2012 Hastings, East Sussex has been celebrating with its own Mardi Gras, or Fat Tuesday. Five days of music and street events culminated with the Grand Ball on Fat Tuesday itself. Loosely based on New Orleans's carnival style, Hastings has taken its course.
French
Some of the main Carnivores in mainland France are the Nice Carnival, the Dunkirk Carnival, and the Carnoux Carnival. The Nice Carnival was held in 1294, and annually attracted over one million visitors during the two weeks before Lent.
Since 1604, the typical masked carnival is celebrated in Limoux.
Carnival Dunkirk is
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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